Women in Criminology Final

Women are less likely to be vicitimized by___?

Intimate partners

Acquaintances

Family members

Strangers

Strangers

Why was the third wave of feminism born?

To acknowledge the differences between women and men

To acknowledge the multiple diverse perspectives of women

To fight for women’s reproductive rights

To fight for women’s right to vote

To acknowledge the multiple diverse perspectives of women

An example of a glass ceiling would be

The inability of a female employee to be promoted due to her gender

The inability of a female to be hired on for an entry-level position

The inability of a male employee to be promoted due to his gender

The inability of and agency to create more senior positions

The inability of a female employee to be promoted due to her gender

Which of the following are considered to be high needs for women who have been victimized by sexual assault and intimate partner violence?

Services for physical trauma

Services for emotional trauma

Services for physical and emotional trauma

Services for physical and emotional trauma

Which of the following is true regarding available victim services?

There are unlimited resources for victim services

The field of victim advocacy has not developed that much  

The demand for services exceeds the available resources

There are more services than victims need

 

The demand for services exceeds the available resources

Men commit significantly more crime than women. This is referred to as

  

Gender gap  

Glass ceiling  

Gender neutrality  

Feminism

Gender gap  

Which of the following best describes the common foundation found among women offenders?  

They offend because they can get away with it

They offend because is it in their nature to do so

They only offend because they are pressured to by intimate partners

They offend due to economic need and consequences of addiction and abuse

 

They offend due to economic need and consequences of addiction and abuse

The _________ publishes crime data that go un-reported to the police by victims.

  

NIBRS

FBI

NCVS

UCR

NCVS

_________ involve asking participants about their experiences of crime as victims and as offenders.

  

Uniform Crime Report

Self-report studies

National Incident Based Reporting System

National Crime Victimization Survey

self-report studies

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic principles of feminist methodology?

  

Empowering women within a patriarchal society through their participation in research

Acknowledging influence of gender in society as a whole

Following the traditional relationship between researcher and subject

Engaging in consciousness raising about the realities of women's lives

 

Following the traditional relationship between researcher and subject

According to the UCR, between the years 2006 and 2015, the crime rate ______.

C. increased for females and decreased for males

B. increased for males and decreased for females

D. decreased for both males and females

A. increased for both males and females

D. decreased for both males and females

Classical theories of crime attempted to explain female offending

  

True

False

False

Females who commit crime face unique experiences that are different from males who offend.

  

True

False

True

Feminist methods are limited to issues of gender.

False

Feminist methodology influences all of the following except

  

Data collection methods  

Analysis of data collected

Conceptualization of the research question

The selection of the researcher

The selection of the researcher

A literature review does the following:

  

Provides a consolidated review of the research on a particular issue.

Offers personal opinions and anecdotes as the primary source of evidence.

Avoids discussing any conflicting viewpoints or gaps in the research.

Summarizes only one source in detail, ignoring the broader academic context. 

Provides a consolidated review of the research on a particular issue.

Which of the following is NOT part of an academic original research article:

  

Table of Contents

 Introduction

Review of Literature

 Methods

Findings

Discussion

Table of contents

What are the two most common formats for original research articles?

  

Quantitative

Qualitative

Interpretive

Cognitive

  

Quantitative

Qualitative

[___________ ] research can involve interviews, focus groups, and case studies and relies on words and quotes to tell a story.

  

Qualitative

Quantitative

Cognitive

Interpretive

Qualitative

Whereas a [_________________________] follows a pattern of "If X happens, then Y happens", a [_______________________] provides a broader path of inquiry for the research study.

  

hypothesis, research question 

research question, hypothesis

hypothesis, argument

research question, argument

 

hypothesis, research question 

To ensure my email reaches Dr. B., I should (select all that apply): 

Include P425 in the subject line

Send it to mirnorth@iu OR send it via Canvas

Send it during a full moon

Cross my fingers

Include P425 in the subject line

Send it to mirnorth@iu OR send it via Canvas

The emergence of agencies such as rape crisis centers developed in response to the perceived need for which of the following?

(select all that apply)

  

Decreased pain that victims of crime experience

Sexual assault prevention efforts

Increased community awareness

Decreased pain that victims of crime experience

Sexual assault prevention efforts

Increased community awareness

Reasons why a victim might choose not to report their victimization to the police include

(select all that apply)

  

Societal embarrassment

Retaliation

Relationship to offender

Societal embarrassment

Retaliation

Relationship to offender

Victims of sexual assault and intimate partner violence tend to seek help from all of the following except

  

Family

Friends

Mental health services

Police

Police

If a victim of rape dresses provocatively, she deserved to be raped. This statement is an example of:

  

Victim Blaming  

Secondary victimization

Overt traumatization

 

victim blaming

Which of the following refers to the practice whereby victims of crime feel traumatized by the official response to their victimization by the criminal justice system?

  

Secondary victimization

Direct victimization

Primary victimization

Indirect victimization

 

Secondary victimization

_____________ networks act as a support system for victims to seek professional help and to make an official crime report.

  

Legal

Formal

Private

Informal

 

Informal

Which of the following are considered negative consequences of victim blaming?

(select all that apply)

  

Victim blaming assumes that people are able to change the environment in which they live

Victim blaming creates a false sense of security about the risks of crime

Victim blaming assumes that only innocent victims are true victims

Victim blaming assumes that people are able to change the environment in which they live

Victim blaming creates a false sense of security about the risks of crime

Victim blaming assumes that only innocent victims are true victims

The just world hypothesis may lead to all of the following except

  

Increased likelihood of revictimization

Increased victim reporting

Increased victim blame

Increased culture of victim blaming

Increased victim reporting

Researchers have suggested that which two theories should be combined to investigate victimization risks in general?

  

Lifestyle theory and feminist pathways perspective

Routine activities theory and lifestyle theory

Just world hypothesis and general strain theory

General strain theory and routine activities theory

Routine activities theory and lifestyle theory

Which of the following is true about lifestyle theory?

  

It suggests that risky lifestyles increase the risk for offending

It was developed to explore the risks of victimization from personal crimes

It was developed to explore the risks of victimization from property crimes

It suggests that risky lifestyles decrease the risk for victimization

It was developed to explore the risks of victimization from personal crimes

The feminist pathways perspective suggests

  

A cycle of victimization and offending

A life free of victimization increases the likelihood of offending

Pathways do not exist for women

A continuum of victimization

A cycle of victimization and offending

Fear of crime can lead to which of the following?

(select all that apply)

  

Decreased self-worth

Decreased self-esteem

Increased anxiety

Decreased self-worth

Decreased self-esteem

Increased anxiety

The media portrays a distorted view of the criminal justice system.

  

True

False

True

Victims play an important role in the criminal justice process.

  

True

False

True

The just world outlook creates a false sense of security about the risks of crime and victimization.

  

True

False

True

Under the pathways perspective, criminal offending may be a survival technique.

  

True

False

True

The rates of rape within the _________________ population are extremely high and alarming.

(Select all that apply)

  

American Indian

White, Non-Hispanic

African American

Alaska Native

American Indian, Alaska Native

Historically, rape was viewed as a __________ crime.

  

Property

Religious

Felony

Violent

Property

It is estimated that _________ of all active duty women are sexually victimized.

  

20%

75%

50%

5%

20%

The unwanted sexual act following the deliberate intoxication of a victim is known as _______________.

  

Drug-facilitated rape

Acquaintance rape

Drug-induced rape

Addiction rape

Drug-facilitated rape

Most victims of sexual assault display symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder including ______________.

(Select all that apply)

  

Low Self-esteem

Depression

Anxiety

Low Self-esteem

Depression

Anxiety

The Drug-Induced Rape Prevention and Punishment Act of 1996 provides penalties for up to ______ years for the involuntary drugging of an individual in cases of violence.

  

15

20

5

10

20

The most common reason to officially report a rape victimization was

  

To be tested for HIV

To receive services

Prevention of future rapes

Obtain a restraining order

Prevention of future rapes

Which of the following have the highest rates of attempted sexual assault?

  

Caucasian women

African American women

American Indian women

Hispanic women

Hispanic women

Women with a history of sexual assault are more likely to engage in which of the following behaviors?

(Select all that apply)

  

Substance abuse

Extreme weight loss measures

Attempted suicide

Substance abuse

Extreme weight loss measures

Attempted suicide

The "victim was asking for it" is an example of a

  

Rape hypothesis

Rape shield law

Rape myth

Rape theory

 

Rape myth

Which of the following is a reason why rape victims do not officially report their victimizations?

(Select all that apply)

  

May believe that there is not enough proof to help their case

May not feel it's important enough

May not want anyone to know

May believe that there is not enough proof to help their case

May not feel it's important enough

May not want anyone to know

Most rapes and sexual assaults occur between people who do not know each other.

False

The majority of rape incidents are reported to the police.

  

False

Acceptance of rape myths lead to victim blaming.

True

The Just World Hypothesis contends that bad things happen to bad people.

True

Some victims blame themselves for being raped.

True

Rape victims are further traumatized by the CJ system.

True

Women of color are victimized at a disproportionate rate.

True

The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment illustrated that when an arrest was made in a misdemeanor domestic violence incident, recidivism rates were __________ compared to if police simply "counseled" the aggressor.

  

significantly higher

higher

lower

the same

lower

The ____________________ provided funding for battered women's shelters and outreach education, as well as funding for domestic violence training for police and court personnel.

  

Minneapolis Domestic Violence experiment

Grassroots Battered Women's movement

Violence Against Women Act

National Crime Victimization data

Violence Against Women Act

____________________ combines the crime of wife battering with other contexts of abuse found within a home environment, such as the abuse of children or grandparents.

  

Domestic violence

Wife battering

Intimate partner abuse

None of the above

Domestic violence

______________ includes any form of abuse between individuals who currently have or have previously had an intimate relationship.

  

Battered

Domestic violence

Wife battering

Intimate partner abuse

Intimate partner abuse

Someone who batters their partner emotionally may:

  

All of the above

Limit access to family and friends

Prevent them from working

Control all of the finances

All of the above

The _______________________ phase of the cycle of violence is where a batterer increases control over a victim and the victim tries to keep her partner calm.

  

Control phase

Tension building

Honeymoon period

Abusive incident

Tension building

Victims engage in __________to cope with their stalking victimization.

  

therapy

All of the above

relocation

lifestyle changes

All of the above

Most crimes of intimate partner abuse are considered as which of the following in most jurisdictions?

  

Felony

Not a crime

Misdemeanor

A third strike

Misdemeanor

 Research indicates that _______ women were significantly more likely to use emergency hospital services, police assistance, and housing assistance.

  

African American

Latina/Hispanic

White

Asian American

African American

Specialized domestic violence courts have been found to __________ victim satisfaction.

  

neither decrease nor increase

This has never been examined.

decrease

increase

increase

Most laws on stalking require that victims must indicate which of the following?

  

hatred of the stalker

self-awareness

fear of the stalker

what they want to see happen to the offender

fear of the stalker

In the majority of victimization cases, men are the abusers and women are the victims.

True

All children raised in abusive homes will abuse their intimate partners later in life

False

Asking the question, "why does she stay?," is a way to blame the victim.

True

________ theories of criminality focus on individual differences between law-abiding and law-violating behaviors.

  

Psychological

Behavioral

Macro

Micro

Micro

Lombroso and Ferrero suggested that

  

Criminals are strained

Criminals lack self-control

Criminals do not have strong social bonds

Criminals have atavistic degenerative physical characteristics

Criminals have atavistic degenerative physical characteristics

Which of the following was written by Lombroso and Ferrero?

  

The Female Offender

Five Hundred Criminal Careers

None of the above

The Criminality of Women

The Female Offender

Who of the following conducted a longitudinal study of female offenders?

  

Pollack

Daly

Hirschi

The Glueck's

The Glueck's

The Glueck's were among the first to focus on female

  

Recidivism

Delinquency

Victimization

Social roles

Recidivism

According to Pollack, the __________ of women suggested that women gain power by deceiving men through sexual playacting and faked sexual responses.

  

Power control

Hidden nature

Masked criminality

Blurred boundaries

Masked criminality

Which of the following was written by Pollack?

  

None of the above

Five Hundred Criminal Careers

The Female Offender

The Criminality of Women

The Criminality of Women

Traditional criminological theories focused exclusively on

  

Male criminality

Delinquency

The body

Violent crime

Male criminality

According to Hirschi, which of the following can serve as one of the strongest inhibitors of delinquency?

  

Sports

School

Peers

Family

Family

Differential association focuses on the influence of which of the following?

  

Teachers

Families

Peers

Religion

Peers

Girls are more likely to experience strain as a result of

  

Violence at school

Violence in the neighborhood

Non-violence

Violence in the home

Violence in the home

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime focuses on

  

Definitions favorable to law violation

Patriarchy

Self-control

Social bonds

Self-control

Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest the development of self-control is rooted in

  

Gender 

Family

The mind

The body

Family

Adler and Simon suggested that which of the following caused increases in female offending?

  

Socialization of women

Abuse of women

None of the above

Liberation of women

Liberation of women

Which of the following is a weakness of Hagan's power control theory?

  

It fails to consider one-parent households

It fails to focus on gender

It fails to measure parental control

It fails to incorporate socialization into gender roles

It fails to consider one-parent households

Which of the following is a challenge faced by feminist criminology?

  

All of the above

Exploring how the War on Drugs has impacted women

Exploring ways to link research with activism

Exploring the relationship between gender, race, and class

  

All of the above

Differential association is strongly supported by research.

False

According to Broidy and Agnew, general strain theory can be used to explain gender differences in crime. Put differently, boys and girls experience different types of strain.

True

Impulsivity is an indicator of a lack of self-control.

True

According to power control theory, girls will demonstrate higher rates of delinquency in families with patriarchal values.

False

Parens patriae focuses on ______.

  

D. the child's school performance

A. the relationship between parents and child

B. that which is in the best interest of the child

C. the child's delinquent acts

 

B. that which is in the best interest of the child

Net widening refers to which of the following?

  

B. focusing on both female and male delinquency

C. the modern day institutionalization of girls for status offenses

D. the increased use of community sanctions for female delinquent

A. expanding the reach of the juvenile justice system to offenses and populations previously out of reach

expanding the reach of the juvenile justice system to offenses and populations previously out of reach

Which of the following is not a status offense?

  

C. curfew violations

A. running away

B. truancy

D. shoplifting

D. shoplifting

Once handled by detentions and suspensions, girls' school-based violence is now more often handled by formal processing due to ____________.

  

D. Second Chance Acts

B. zero tolerance policies

A. elimination of in-school suspension

C. bullying reforms

B. Zero tolerance policies

Family relationships can be a risk factor when which of the following is present?

  

D. all of these

B. divorce

A. conflict

C. abuse

D. all of these

All of the following statements pertaining to abuse are true EXCEPT for _____.

  

In their attempt to escape from an abusive situation, girls often fall into criminal behaviors as a mechanism of survival

Acts such as running away from home reflect an attempt to escape from a violent or abusive home environment

Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse has long been documented as significant risk factors for female offenders

 The impact of abuse is intensified when it occurs within the community

 The impact of abuse is intensified when it occurs within the community

Which of the following factors can affect whether communities will seek out assistance?

  

C. cultural  

D. all of these

A. racial

B. economic

D. all of these

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act called for ______.

  

C. the release of more than 100 juvenile delinquents from detention centers

D. the criminalization of social failure

A. the decriminalization of status offenses

B. an increase in educational prevention programs

A. the decriminalization of status offenses

Self-report data, such as the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, indicated that between 1991 and 2001, acts of violence by girls ______.

  

A. increased

B. decreased

D. none of these

C. not changed

B. decreased

Which of the following is the most significant barrier in providing effective services for girls?

  

B. lack of funding

C. resistance to programming

A. difficulty accessing services

D. Whether the programming reflects culturally relevant issues.

B. lack of funding

Research has found that girls are ______ times more likely to be abused than their male counterparts.

  

B. 3

C. 5

A. 1

D. 7

B. 3