SJSU HIST 15A CIRIVILLERI FINAL EXAM FALL 2019

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies

Sudetenland

An area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler. Germany thought it was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population. Germany eventually seized all of Czechoslovakia, and then went on to threaten Poland.

Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)

Hitler-Stalin Nonaggression Pact; 10-year peace treaty; Russia can keep 1/3 of Poland when Hitler attacks it. Fell apart in June 1941, when Nazi forces invaded the Soviet Union. Soviet leader Stalin viewed the pact as a way to keep his nation on peaceful terms with Germany while giving him time to build up the Soviet military. German chancellor Hitler used the pact to make sure Germany was able to invade Poland unopposed.

Lend-Lease

Allows America to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense of the U.S.". FDR wanted to help somehow before US were involved in WW2. So he lent bombs and artillery to Britain

German invasion of Poland

Germany easily defeats Poland with superior forces and officers; Causes Britain and France to declare war on Germany, starting WWII

The Fall of France

June 1940 France and most of Europe was conquered by Germany. Left Britain alone against Hitler, jarred America out of apathy. Only Britain stood between Hitler and the death of European democracy.

The Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force. This was a significant turning point of WWII, as Germany's Luftwaffe failed to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force despite months of targeting Britain's air bases, military posts and, ultimately, its civilian population. Britain's decisive victory saved the country from a ground invasion and possible occupation by German forces while proving that air power alone could be used to win a major battle.

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Japanese Internment

Due to heavy prejudice towards Japanese people for Pearl Harbor attack, Japanese and Japanese Americans were placed in camps beginning in 1942; upheld by Korematsu v. US

War in the Pacific

Before most American troops got involved in Europe, America went to war with Japan in the Pacific due to the Pearl Harbor attack. Japan was a serious threat, as losing Hawaii to them would be a huge loss of one of the biggest US naval bases. It was a land and naval war (mostly naval) which involved US troops hopping from island to island in the Pacific, fighting off Japanese troops.

Battle of Coral Sea

A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia. Focused on each others' aircraft carrier ships.

Atlantic Warfare

(1939-1945) Longest continuous military campaign in WW2. German U-boats attack US ships and Allied ships to stop trade and supplies. Convoys, sonar, and radar helped the Allies to win this battle.

Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy

July 1943- Mussolini is defeated, and eventually killed!

The Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

Normandy "D-Day" Invasion

June 6, 1944 - D-Day: Allied troops began landing on France's Normandy coast. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. Prior to D-Day, the Allies conducted a large-scale deception campaign designed to mislead the Germans about the intended invasion target.

-successful, less than a year later Germany surrendered

-The point was to liberate France from the Normandy coast. It was the greatest military strategy

U.S. Post-war economic boom

Period of economic prosperity in the mid-20th century. High productivity growth from before the war continued after the war until the 1970s. Gas was cheap so car cost was low and their was less inflation. People started buying automobiles and houses. Demand outstripped supply. The population increased. Foreign aid programs (Marshall Plan) created a strong export-market.

Sunbelt

states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative. Saw a large population increase after WW2 and the rise of new industries

G.I. Bill of Rights

Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

Fall of China *

After WWII, the USSR spreads into Asia and supports Mao Zedong, who takes over China after overthrowing Jiang Jieshi (he flees to Taiwan). China then becomes a communist nation. It was seen as a defeat to the US and its allies (US refuses to recognize Beijing).

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea, while the People's Republic of China helped the North.

Berlin Airlift

Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city.

Division of Europe

inevitable effect of WWII; caused by competing spheres of influence. Decided at the Yalta Conference, Germany and Berlin were divided into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. Berlin laid within the Soviet Zone.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. Political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular.

NATO *

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries. Made out of fear of hostilities from the USSR and other communist countries.

Warsaw Pact

Treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. This was in response to NATO. Alliance against democracy, supporting communism.

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952). Aided the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. Replaced the League of Nations.

1947 National Security Act

Created the CIA, a separate air force, the National Security Council (foreign policy advisors to the President), and Department of Defense (Pentagon)

Eisenhower's "New Look"

-in 1953, Eisenhower had goals of balancing budget and cutting taxes and to do so he decided to control military expenditures.

-Eisenhower's defense strategy concentrated US military strength in nuclear weapons and the ability of planes and missiles to deliver them.

-instead of maintaining large ground forces, US would give friendly nations American weapons and back them up with a nuclear arsenal.

-Nuclear weapons could not stop a Soviet nuclear attack but in response to one it could inflict enormous damage. The threat of "Massive retaliation" was meant to deter Soviets from launching an attack

-Nuclear standoff became known as Mutually assured destruction.

Brinkmanship *

A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests. The practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression. In the Cold War, the U.S. built up a huge nuclear arsenal to force Russia to stay in check. "Mutually assured destruction"

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union. Many scientists and military leaders believed that control of space would be very important. Consequently, the USA and USSR invested billions of dollars in developing satellites, space stations, rockets, etc. This investment led to great scientific advances, but also caused friction and insecurities.

Warren Court *

the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, whose decisions supported civil rights and free speech. Became famous for landmark decisions such as Brown v. Board, Miranda v. Arizona, Griswold v. Connecticut

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Kennedy and Civil Rights

Moved by actions in Birmingham, he announced that major civil rights legislation would be submitted to the Congress to guarantee equal access to public facilities, to end segregation in education, and to provide federal protection of the right to vote.

Birmingham Crusade, 1963

Demonstrations took place in towns and cities across the South, dramatizing black discontent over inequality in education, employment, and housing. King made the decision to send black schoolchildren into the streets of Birmingham. Police Chief Eugene "Bull" Connor unleashed his forces against the thousands of young marchers. This sent a wave of revulsion throughout the world (including Kennedy) and turned the Birmingham campaign into a triumph for the civil rights movement.

March on Washington

(August 28, 1963) 250,000 black and white Americans converged on the nation's capital for the March on Washington. The march's goals included a public works program to reduce unemployment, an increase in minimum wage, and a law barring discrimination in employment. The march reflected an unprecedented degree of black-white cooperation in support of racial and economic justice. Led by MLK and featured his "I Have a Dream" speech.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

An embarrassing failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs to assassinate Fidel Castro (communist leader who was a threat to the US).

Cuban Missile Crisis *

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba. John F Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet leader) negotiated to remove missiles if the US promised not to invade Cuba. Kennedy also secretly removed US missiles in Turkey.

Nikita Krushchev

Leader of the Soviet union during the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Succeeded Stalin, responsible for Cuban Missile Crisis. He and President Kennedy signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963, temporarily easing Cold War tensions.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam. Aided the US during WW2 but became enemies with them due to his communist views, led North Vietnam and the Vietcong during the Vietnam War

Kennedy's Assassination

This president was shot in the head November 22, 1963 in Dallas, TX by Lee Harvey Oswald. Jack Ruby killed Oswald shortly afterward.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Johnson's "War on Poverty"

A set of programs introduced by President Johnson to fight poverty. Includes:

• The Social Security Amendments of 1965, which created Medicare and Medicaid and also expanded Social Security benefits for retirees, widows, the disabled and college-aged students

• The Food Stamp Act of 1964, which made the food stamps program permanent.

• The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, which established the Job Corps, the VISTA program, the federal work-study program and a number of other initiatives. It also established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), the arm of the White House responsible for implementing the war on poverty and which created the Head Start program in the process.

• The Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which established the Title I program subsidizing school districts with a large share of impoverished students, among other provisions.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

civil rights law that banned literacy tests and other practices that discouraged blacks from voting

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident (an alleged attack on two U.S. naval destroyers stationed off the coast of Vietnam.). It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

Operation Rolling Thunder

A bombing campaign began in 1965 and authorized by President Johnson. This tactical movement relentlessly bombed Viet Cong-occupied land, decimating the landscape of hundreds of miles of land. However, the intricate and enormously large network of tunnels the guerrilla soldiers had built were largely unharmed, and it failed to stop the Viet Cong from continuing to press on. It was used as anti-American propaganda and intensified North Vietnamese nationalism.

Watts Riots

Six-day riots in Watts, a depressed African American section of Los Angeles. Causes included a drunk-driving arrest of a young African American and claims of police brutality. Thirty-four deaths and over $200 million worth of property damage resulted. Sparked other riots throughout the country

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s, not integration. He changed his views but was assassinated in 1965.

Black Panthers

a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites, also promoted black power

1968 Democratic Convention

Bloody riot in 1968 in Chicago to protest the Democratic National Convention because of Democratic support of the Vietnam war. Led to Republican win of Richard Nixon for the presidency.

Nixon's Vietnamization

Vietnamization involved building up South Vietnam's armed forces and withdrawing U.S. troops, would prepare the South Vietnamese to act in their own defense against a North Vietnamese takeover and allow the United States to leave Vietnam with its honor intact. It failed when South Vietnam fell to North Vietnamese communist forces in 1975.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race. This case upheld affirmative action but abolished the quota system. It contended that race could be one of, but not the only, deciding factors in college admissions.

The Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without the support of American troops. The U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, but will instead provide economic aid and military training

Kent State

Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the National Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles

Nixon in China

February 21, 1972 - Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations.

-Agreed to lessen the risk of war, expand cultural contacts between the two nations, and establish a permanent U.S. trade mission in China.

-Acknowledged China's "one-China" policy and agreed to a withdrawal of U.S. troops from Taiwan

-Also secretly discussed ways in which they could cooperate to check the growth of Soviet power in Asia and elsewhere.

SALT Treaties

Limited the number of nuclear missiles the US and USSR could have (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks)

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

1973 Energy Crisis

World, especially US, experienced real and perceived shortage, of petroleum. Led to stagnant economic growth in many countries as oil prices climbed. Stagnant growth and price inflation to coinage of stagflation. Included gas rationing, lowered highway speed limits.

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Mexican American who devoted his life to improving conditions for migrant workers. He was a farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Betty Friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

American Indian Movement

A frequently militant organization that was formed in 1968. Led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; the purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional on the basis of a woman's right to privacy.

Engel v. Vitale

The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren. Banned formal prayer in schools, government would not make any religion the 'official' religion.

The Burger Court

A more conservative Supreme Court under Warren Burger (NOT to be confused with Earl Warren and the Warren Court). Wrote Roe v Wade; Webster v. Reproductive services

1973 Paris Peace Accords

January of 1973. Agreement which temporarily ended the Vietnam War and ended direct American military involvement in Vietnam. Henry Kissinger and Le Dic Tho awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts. War resumed soon after American forces departed and the S. Vietnamese capital city of Saigon fell to Communists on April 30, 1975, ending more than three decades of war.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Wars Power Act

Passed by Congress in 1973 which allows Congress to limit the President's use of military forces.; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.

Fall of Saigon

April 30, 1975 - North Vietnamese tanks rolled into Saigon, capital of South Vietnam, and captured the city, renaming it Ho Chi Minh City

Vietnam Syndrome

The belief that the United States should be extremely reluctant to commit its armed forces overseas because of the psychological trauma caused by different aspects of the Vietnam War

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon. He is credited with helping to restore public confidence in government after the disillusionment of the Watergate era.

Helsinki Accords

A conference in Finland in 1975 that promised greater economic cooperation and cultural exchanges between USA, USSR, and 33 other countries. They also promised to follow the policies of detente and SALT

Jimmy Carter

The 39th president of the United States (1977-81) and served as the nation's chief executive during a time of serious problems at home and abroad. Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Panama Canal Treaty

1978; Gradual transfer of operation and control of the Panama Canal from the US to the Panamanians, signed by President Carter

Human Rights

the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

Camp David Peace Accords

Peace treaty in 1978 between Israel and Egypt which ended 30 years of war between the two nations. Engineered by President Carter, winning him the Nobel Peace Prize

1980 Olympics Boycott

This was one part of a number of actions initiated by the United States to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The Soviet Union, which hosted the event, and other countries would later boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Munich Conference (1938) *

During the Munich Conference of 1938, Britain and France met with Hitler, allowing him to take over Czechoslovakia as long as he agreed to expand no further. The agreement was seen as an assurance of peace. (Obviously, this didn't stay this way)

U.S. Wartime Industry and Government *

- U.S Wartime Industry and Government described the condition of the of the Industry and Government of the U.S in time of war.

- This event happened during World War 2. The U.S must work to supply the citizens at home and at war.

- Factories were at full capacity making arms, tanks, ships, and vehicles for the war. The U.S government wanted americans united in the war effort in order to win the war. So they began to create propaganda posters such that showed patriotism and ways people can help with the war effort at home.

- 1.Since most men went to war, women decided to work in factories where they had to use tough physical labor in jobs that previously had been done by men.

- 2. There were also lots of wartime movies showing how brave the U.S soldiers were and how evil Hitler was. All these movies script had to be approved by the government.

Battle of Midway *

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Allied debate over a "Second Front" *

- was a debate between Joseph Stalin(Soviet), Winston Churchill(British) and FDR about opening a second front in in western Europe.

- This event happen during WW2. German forces were pushing far into Southern Russia. Stalin fear that without opening a second front, Germany will take over these lands.

- Churchill and FDR said they will opened up another front but they drag this promise over 2 years before doing anything(1942-1944). FDR agree to opening up the second front but Churchill didn't because he thought it was going to be unsuccessful. But in June 1944, Churchill and FDR helped Stalin opened up a second front.

- 1. This event was significant because it help stopped the spread of Germany.

- 2. Also significant because it help stopped the spread of communism throughout Europe.

Yalta Conference *

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Truman Doctrine *

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Baby Boom *

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

McCarthyism *

Unscrupulously accusing people of disloyalty (as by saying they were Communists) because of the Red Scare. The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Manhattan Project *

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Watergate *

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

Iranian Hostage Crisis *

The 444 days, from November 1979 to January 1981, in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries. The Iranian Revolution began in January 1979 when young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. Deeming the United States "the Great Satan," these revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The hostage crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostages' release the day Ronald Reagan became president, January 20, 1981.

Domino Theory *

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Tet Offensive *

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Feminist Movement *

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s.