AOA Exam 1

UWEC Nursing 337

A patient's Na levels are 130 mEq/L what electrolyte imbalance do they have? What is the normal electrolyte balance

hyponatremia, 135-145

A patient's Na levels are 150 mEq/L what electrolyte imbalance do they have? What is the normal electrolyte balance?

hypernatremia, 135-145

A patient's K levels are 2.0 mEq/L what electrolyte imbalance do they have? What is the normal electrolyte balance?

hypokalemia, 3.5-5.0

A patient's K levels are 6.0 mEq/L what electrolyte imbalance do they have? What is the normal electrolyte balance?

hyperkalemia, 3.5-5.0

A patient's Ca levels are 8.3 mEq/L what electrolyte imbalance do they have? What is the normal electrolyte balance?

hypocalcemia, 9.0-10.5

A patient's Ca levels are 10.7 mEq/L what electrolyte imbalance do they have? What is the normal electrolyte balance?

hypercalcemia, 9.0-10.5

A patient's Mg levels are 1.0 mEq/L what electrolyte imbalance do they have? What is the normal electrolyte balance?

hypomagnesia, 1.3-2.1

A patient's Mg levels are 2.5 mEq/L what electrolyte imbalance do they have? What is the normal electrolyte balance?

hypermagnesia, 1.3-2.1

What are some causes of hyponatremia (NO NA+)

Na excretion increased, overload of fluids, no Na intake, antidiuretic hormone to much

What are some signs of hyponatremia (SALT LOSS)

stupor or coma, anorexia (nausea, vomiting), lethargy, tendon reflexes decreased, limp muscles, orthostatic hypotension, seizures and head ache, stomach cramping

What are some interventions for hyponatremia (FLUIDS)

fluid restriction, loop diuretics (Na sparing), undo (treat underlying conditions), IV hypertonic saline, drugs (Vaptans or Demeclocycline), Seizure precautions

What are some causes of hypernatremia (MODEL)

medications, osmotic diuretics, diabetes insipidus, excessive water loss, low water intake

What are some signs is hypernatremia (FRIED)

Fever and Flushed skin, restlessness and neurological changes, increased reflexes and fluid retention, edema and extreme thirst, decreased urine output

What are some nursing interventions for hypernatremia (S.A.L.T)

slow fluid replacement, assess neurological status, limit sodium, track I’s and O’s

What are some causes of hypokalemia (DITCH)

drugs (potassium wasting diuretics like loop ot thiazide), inadequate intake, to much water, cushing disease (high cortisol levels), heavy fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea, heavy sweating)

What are some signs of hypokalemia (6 L’s)

lethargy, low shallow breathing, lethal cardiac rhythms, leg cramps, limp muscles, lots of urine

What are some interventions of hypokalemia (PUMP)

Potassium replacement, urgency and rate control (never be given more than 10mEq/Hr), monitor cardiac status, prevent and assess respiratory distress

What are some causes of hyperkalemia (MACHINE)

medicine (potassium sparing diuretics (spirelactone), ace inhibitors, NSAIDs), Acidosis (metabolic and respiratory), Cellular destruction, hypoaldosteronism, intaking too much, nephrons of kidneys stop working, excretion impaired

What are some signs of hyperkalemia (MURDER)

muscle weakness, urine output decreased, respiratory failure, decreased cardiac contractility, EKG changes, reduced or absent deep tendon relfexes

What are some interventions of hyperkalemia (AIRED)

administer IV calcium, increase excretion, remove sources or K, enhance cellular uptake, dialysis

Why does hypovolemic shock cause organ damage?

blood volume decreases stopping blood from getting to organs properly

Why is decreased urine output and sign of volume deficit?

the body reduces output to conserve water loss

Why is shortness of breath and decreased O2 caused by fluid overload?

excess fluid builds up in the alveoli of the lungs

How can abnormal fluid loss occur? Vomiting diarrhea, excessive sweating, increased urination, diuretics

How does immobility cause hypercalcemia?

when sitting for long periods of time your body starts to break down your bones releasing calcium