Iran

Who was Reza Shah Pahlavi?

The monarch of Iran who ruled until 1941 and was known for his modernization efforts.

What were the main reforms of Ataturk compared to Reza Shah Pahlavi?

Both leaders implemented secular reforms and modernization, but Ataturk focused on Turkish nationalism while Pahlavi emphasized Westernization.

What was the attitude of the Iranian elite towards the West during Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's rule?

The Iranian elite, upper, and intellectual classes were very pro-Western.

What actions did the Shah take against Mohammad Mosaddeq?

The Shah ousted Mosaddeq and returned the oil fields to Western owners.

What were some of the Shah's modernization efforts in Iran?

Infrastructure and industry expansion, land redistribution to peasants, family protection laws for women, and a literacy corps for rural populations.

What negative impact did the Shah's policies have on traditional economy and poorer classes?

The emphasis on industrial growth and foreign investment hurt the traditional economy and marginalized poorer classes.

What was SAVAK and its role during the Shah's rule?

SAVAK was the secret police trained by the CIA and Israel that terrorized critics of the Shah.

Who was Ayatollah Khomeini and what was his significance?

An Islamic scholar who opposed the Shah, became a leader of the revolution, and established a theocracy in Iran.

What happened to Khomeini in the 1960s and 1970s?

He was arrested multiple times, deported in 1978, and went to France.

What event occurred on January 16, 1979?

The Shah left Iran.

What was the outcome of the anti-Shah protests led by Khomeini?

Khomeini returned to Iran on February 11, 1979, leading to the establishment of an Islamic Republic.

What incident occurred when Carter allowed the Shah to enter the U.S. for medical treatment?

Khomeini's followers seized the American embassy in Tehran, taking 52 Americans hostage.

What was the impact of the hostage crisis on President Carter's popularity?

Carter's failed attempts to secure the hostages' freedom decreased his popularity and hurt his reelection chances.

What was the outcome of the 1980 election in the U.S.?

Ronald Reagan won by a landslide, succeeding Carter.

What did the new Iranian government say about women's hijab?

They claimed it represented a woman's Islamic and moral values.

What was the Ayatollah's stance on Western influence?

He condemned Western influence and established a theocracy based on Islamic law.

What was the Iran-Iraq War and when did it occur?

A conflict between Iran and Iraq from 1980 to 1988.

What were the consequences of the Iran-Iraq War for both countries?

Both countries suffered massive casualties and economic strain, with Iran facing over 1,000,000 casualties.

Who were some key figures in U.S.-Iraq relations during the Iran-Iraq War?

Donald Rumsfeld, who met with Saddam Hussein and facilitated U.S. support for Iraq.

What was the reported use of chemical weapons during the Iran-Iraq War?

Iraq used mustard gas and Tabun nerve gas against Iranian troops.

What was the total casualty count for Iraqi and Iranian soldiers during the war?

375,000 Iraqi casualties and over 1,000,000 Iranian casualties.

What was the significance of the phrase 'When the devil leaves, the angel returns' in the context of the Iranian Revolution?

It symbolized the hope for a return to a better state of governance after the Shah's departure.