Crime and Deviance 8

What is internalised surveillance and who argued it?

Foucault - self-discipline in thinking you are being watched

What is the panopticon?

Prison where all cells are available from a watchtower where guards are not visible

What is sovereign power?

Traditional punishment

What is disciplinary power?

Surveillance

What is a criticism of Foucalt?

Synoptic surveillance - everyone watches everyone

What is right realist situational crime prevention?

Making it harder to commit crime

What is right realist environmental crime prevention?

Deterring crime through physical environment

What is a method of situational crime prevention?

Target hardening

What is an example of environmental crime prevention?

Zero tolerance policing

What are 3 ways punishment prevents crime?

• Deterrent

• Incapacitation

• Rehabilitation

What does incapacitation mean?

Remove the capacity to offend again

What does Garland argue?

Moving into an era of mass incarceration - systematic imprisonment of whole groups

What are the 2 types of justice argued by Durkheim?

Retributive and restorative

What is retributive justice?

Expresses societies outrage

What is restorative justice?

Restoring trust

What is a criticism of Durkeim?

Reductionist - punishment should reflect the crime

What is positivist victimology?

There are characteristics that put victims at a greater risk

What 3 features does Miers argue positivist victimology has?

• Aims to identify patterns

• Focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence

• Focus on victims who have contributed to their victimisation

What is a criticism of positivist victimology?

Blames the victim

What study supports positivist victimology?

Wolfgang - in 26% of homicides the victim triggered the events leading to the murder

What is critical victimology?

Focuses on social factors that contribute to victimhood and how the state defines victims

What do Tombs and Whyte argue?

Workers die at the fault of their employers and get called accident prone

What is secondary victimisation?

Societal reaction after the offense

What do Lea and Young argue about victimology?

Poor and women are more likely to be repeat victims and that fear is justified

What is a criticism of critical victimology?

Underestimates role the victim plays in bringing it on themselves