\-ΔG, Decreasing the amount of available energy to perform work, happens naturally or without effort
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Nonspontaneous
ΔG, Increasing the amount of available energy to preform work, does not happen naturally or with effort
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Enthalpy
A measure of heat in a system
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Entropy
How much energy is spread out
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ΔH
Enthalpy
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ΔS
Entropy
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ΔG
Gibb's Free Energy
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How does adding a catalyst affect the rate of reaction?
It lowers the activation energy
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+ΔS
Increasing entropy/energy spreads out
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The change in entropy
ΔS
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heat of formation equation
sum of products - sum f products
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How does lowering the temperature affect a reactions rate?
The reaction gets slower
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How does decreasing the concentration of the reactants affect a reactions rate?
The reaction will increase
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Q\=mc∆T
specific heat formula
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∆G=∆H-T∆S
Gibb’s free energy equation
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Activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
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Activated complex
The state of the particles that is in between the reactants and products
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Does the potential energy graph slope up or down in an endothermic reaction?
Up
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Does the potential energy graph slope up or down in an exothermic reaction?
Up a little bit an then down a lot
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Heat formation is defined as
The amount of heat absorbed
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Convection
A cyclic heat transfer in a liquid or solid
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Conduction
Heat is transferred between 2 objects that are in contact
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Radiation
Heat transfer without something touching
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1st law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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What happens to the entropy of a solid to a liquid
Get bigger(more randomness)
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What happens to the entropy of a gas to a solid
Gets smaller(less randomness)
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What is equilibrium?
When the forward reactions equal the rate of the reverse reactions. The concentrations of its products and reactants will remain unchanged.
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What does K mean?
The equilibrium constant
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K>>1
The reaction if product-favored
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K<
The reaction is reactant-favored
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K=1
The reaction favors neither.
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LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
If an equilibrium is stressed, the equilibrium shifts in the direction that relieves the stress.
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What does not stress a system?
Catalysts and nobel gases
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What is a Reaction Quotient(Q)?
Describes the concentrations of a system to compare to the equilibrium constant (Kc) to determine if the system is at equilibrium.
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Q>K
then the reaction has more products than reactants, so we shift to the left! (Create more reactants)
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Q=K
then the reaction is at equilibrium!
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Q
then the reaction has more reactants than products, so we shift to the right! (Create more products)
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what is this?
Reaction Quotient equation
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What happens when you increase the concentration of the reactants?
shift the equilibrium to the right (more product is created).
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What happens when you increase the concentration of the products?
shift the equilibrium to the left (more products dissociate into reactants)
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What happens when you decrease the concentration of the reactants?
shift the equilibrium to the left (less reactants to create products, so more products dissociate into reactants).
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What happens when you decrease the concentration of the products?
shift the equilibrium to the right (less products dissociate into reactants, so more reactants create products)
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What happens when you increase the pressure of a system?
the concentration of the molecules to increase on the side with more moles on it. Equilibrium shifts in the opposite direction.
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What happens when you decrease the pressure of a system?
Decreasing the pressure decreases the concentration of the side with more moles on it. equilibrium shifts in the opposite direction
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What happens when you increase the temperature in an exothermic reaction?
By increasing the heat, more AB products will be destroyed, shifting equilibrium to the left.
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What happens when you decrease the temperature in an exothermic reaction?
By decreasing the heat, more AB products will be created, shifting equilibrium to the right.
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What happens when you increase the temperature in an endothermic reaction?
By increasing the heat, more AB products will be destroyed, shifting equilibrium to the right.
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What happens when you decrease the temperature in an endothermic reaction?
By decreasing the heat, more AB products will be created, shifting equilibrium to the left.
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What is a solid?
Definitive shape and volume.
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What is a liquid?
Indefinite shape, but definite volume.
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What is a gas?
Indefinite shape and indefinite volume.
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What is plasma?
Gas with free flowing electrons
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Temperature is…
Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance.
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What is melting?
Changing from solid to liquid
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What is vaporization?
Changing from liquid to gas
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What is condensation?
Changing from gas to liquid
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What is freezing?
Changing from liquid to solid
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What is sublimation?
Changing from solid to gas
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What is deposition?
Changing from gas to solid
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What are IMF’s?
are forces of attraction or repulsion between two molecules.
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Ion-diploe
strongest IMF, metal and non-metal, polar and non-polar
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Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding is an attractive force that takes place between hydrogen atoms attached to ONLY Nitrogen, Oxygen, & Fluorine (NOF).
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Diploe-Diploe
Dipole-dipole IMFs take place between two polar molecules. Any molecules that are polar have dipole-dipole between them.
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LDF
All bonds are this, are weak partial attractions between two polar or nonpolar molecules
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What is evaporation?
is the process of liquid molecules becoming gaseous at any temperature.
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Does temperature change in a phase change?
NO!!!!
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What is Triple Point?
Pressure and temperature at which the substance exists as all the states of matter
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What is Critical Point?
Pressure and temperature when the compound becomes a supercritical fluid (fluid-gas hybrid)
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Molarity equation
Molarity=moles/liters of solution(l)
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What is diluting?
To dilute a liquid, means to make it less concentrated of a certain substance. This process is used to create a desired concentration from a substance.
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Dilutions equation
M1V1=M2V2
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What are COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIEs
Substances dissolve differently depending on the solute and solvent.
More solute can be added to the mixture or the temperature can be decreased. No particles.(under the line)
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Saturated
The exact amount of temperature and particles, so that no more particles can be dissolved.
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Supersaturated
More solute exists in the solution than can be dissolved. Particles are present.
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Daltons Law
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Boyle’s Law
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Charle’s Law
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Gay-lussac’s law
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Avogadro’s law
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Combined Gas Law
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Ideal gas law equation
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Moles at STP equal?
22\.4L
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What is stoichiometry?
is the process of analyzing and calculating mass relationships in chemical reactions.
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What is a limiting reactant?
the reactant that gets used up first in a chemical reactant
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What is theoretical yield?
is the maximum amount of product that can be generated from a chemical reaction. Theoretically, all of the reactant will be used to create as much product as possible.
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What is actual yield?
is the amount of product that is ACTUALLY generated during a chemical reaction.
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What is percent yield?
The percent yield is the percentage of product that was actually created compared to what could theoretically be created.
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How do you find percent yield?
Actual/Theoretical ᐧ 100 = % Yield
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What is excess reactant?
the reactants that are not used up when the reaction is finished
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Amphoteric
1. (of a compound, especially a metal oxide or hydroxide) able to react both as a base and as an acid.
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What is fission?
Fission occurs when a neutron hits a large, unstable nucleus and causes it to break into two smaller nuclei.
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What is critical mass?
is the amount of a substance that must be present in order for a chain reaction to occur.
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