APUSH Units 2; Periods 3 and 4: 1754-1848

What made America different from nations in the Old World/Europe?

Had no monarchy or aristocracy, but instead had a government that lead towards liberty and equality.

Before the American Revolution ended, the 13 colonies ratified the Articles of Confederation. Why was it created?

A loose union between the sovereign states because the Continental Congress did not want a government after fighting to get rid of one.

Could the new federal government under the Articles of Confederation control the states?

No, it could not exercise powers independent of the states.

What was the type of legislature that the Articles of Confederation constructed for the new government?

Unicameral legislature

What were some of Congress's responsibilities under the Articles of Confederation?

Authority over coinage, postal service, Indian affairs, and western territories

What could the new government not do under the Articles of Confederation?

Had no authority to fulfill its responsibilities, and there are no judicial or executive branches. No power to create and enforce taxes or regulate interstate commerce onto the states and citizens.

What was the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War that ended favorably towards the United States?

Treaty of Paris

What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? What did it banned?

Established orderly procedures for territories to States. Banned slavery in Northwest Territory,

States in the Northwest Ordinance?

Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota

What caused Shay's Rebellion?

Poor farmers in Massachusetts were losing land, and they did not have enough money to repay back debts to merchants and bankers.

What did the farmers that participated in Shay's Rebellion first want Massachusett state legislature to do?

To stop foreclosing their farms, lower the property taxes, print paper money, and end debt imprisonment.

Who led Shay's Rebellion, and what did they take?

Daniel Shay, American Revolution verteran, and his mob closed a courthouse that foreclosed their farms.

Due to the limits of Articles of Confederation, what other method was needed to stop the Shay's Rebellion?

Had no authority to raise a military, so Bostonians had to quickly form an army of men to end it.

What feelings that leaders held after Shay's Rebellion happened

Conservative leaders feared unchecked democratic mob will destroy a government and threaten private property, and were disasstisfed with the Articles of Confederation due to the inability of the federal government not being able to intervene.

What other consequence related to the Articles of Confederation, and its revision, occured due to Shay's Rebellion?

COnvinced George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and more that Articles of Confederation had to be revised, and the national government had to be stronger.

Where was the Constitutional Convention held, how many delegates, what state did not attend, and what was the purpose?

1787 - 55 delegates from every state xcept Rhod Island wanted to abandon the AoC, and create a new government.

Framers believed that the government derives its just powers from; however, who did they believe had a say in government powers?

The consent of the people, but only those who held property.

Framers believed that the government should be limited and power should be divided into:

Legilatives, executive, and judicial branches that all check and balance each other.

Framers did not view highly of political parties, and saw them undesirable because

If unchecked they will threaten existence of representative government, but sadly for them it was inevitable.

Great Compromise resolved a dispute between two proposed compromises known as the? Each compromise favored what kind of state?

Virginia Compromise - led by large states.
New Jersey Compromise - led by small states.

The Great Compromise consisted of what type of Congress? What were the two houses called?

Bicameral = House of Representatives and Senate.

House of Representatives was based on what, but Senate was based on what?

HoR based on population proportion, but Senate only had two seats per state.

What were the new authorities and powers that was granted in Constitution, and not in AoC?

Had authority to enforce and create taxes, declare war, and regulate intersate commerce.

What was the Necessary and Proper Clause for?

To state that COngress need to have the power to make laws necessary for carrying out its responsibilites.

What was used as a way to check the threat of excessive democracy that would result in a poorly-choiced presidential candidate?

Electoral College

How were judges chosen in the independent Supreme Court?

Appointed by President, and confirmed by Senate

In early Constituion, how were Senators chosen?

By state legislatures

In Consitution, what were two processes that were implemented that related to President and future changes?

Impeachement and amendment process

When was Bill of Rights added, and what was it? Was it part of the first draft of the Constitution?

No, bill of rights was the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, and was added in 1791.

When was the direct election of senators added, and what was it? Was it part of the first draft of the Constitution?

No, only added in 1913 as the 17th amendment

When was the two-term Presidential limit enforced after the precedent of George Washington was broken by FDR?

1951 in 22nd amendment

What were the turing points of the Constitution?turning

Marked the transfer of sovereignty from states to ppl
Began the revolutionary rhetoric of the equality of enslaved Africans and women

Test tip: APUSH test will specify which draft of Consitution with phrase, "as ratified in 1788". This indicates the Constitution without the Bill of Rights.Constitution

Test tip: APUSH test will specify which draft of Consitution with phrase, "as ratified in 1788". This indicates the Constitution without the Bill of Rights.

What was the first emancipation?

ban slavery w/ state-by-state process through the northwest ordinance b/c little financial incentive or was already banned in already presen states.

What was the 3/5 Compromise?

For every five slaves, 3 of them will count towards the population for Congress representation.

Why was the 3/5 Compromise passed, even though the Framers did not like using slavery or slaves in the Constiution, and most likely were ashamed that a democratic nation would have such a tainted mark?

Favored towards Southern states so they will agree to ratify the Consitution

Were many delegates against slave trade and why?

Yes, many wanted to abolish it as they believed it was a taint on the morals of the country and government.

What was the justification of the Southern colonies to keep domestic slave trade?

To replenish slaves that were evacuated by British during Revolutionary War

What was another perspective by pragmatic delagates like James Madison?

Wanted to avoid a dispute with South, even though believed slavery was evil.

Was international slave trade banned? When?

Yes, it remained legal until 1808.

What were the common rights and social expectations of women in colonial America?

1. Lost control of property after marriage.
2. No separate legal identiy apart from husband.
3. COuld not vote, hold office, or be on jury
4. Had no legal rights over children

What was speical between Abigail and John Adams?

Sent over 1200 aticulated letters of the thoughts of leaders during colonial America.articulated

Who said the phrase, "remember the ladies", and why is that so significant?

Wrote in letter by Abigail Adams on 1776 to John Adams during the Consitutional Convention, and urged John Adams to speak up for the ladies and not let all the men have the power. Be open-minded to change.

What did the letter that Abigail Adams wrote the famous phrase in show about the perspectives of colonial woman?

Showed that colonial women were aware of how they were treated, and there social role as a second-class citizen to a man.

Did the Constitution change the legal status of women?

No, it did however maintain the spirit of republicanism to be instilled in newer generations that were more favorable to women and their rights.

Did the framers submit the proposed Consitutionsto the state legislatures? How was it ratified?

Decalred it would go effect when ratified by conventions in at least 9/13 states.

What were the two sides that debated on the Constitution?

Federalist - favored to stronger federal government
Antifederatlist - favored to weaker federal governmentAntifederalist

Argument antifederalist or federalist?
Warned that the proposed Constitution would create a powerful central government that was dominated by a President and Senate who would swallow up all the little folks

Antifederalist

Argument antifederalist or federalist?
Argued the proposed Constitution would not work due to the nation's diverse interests, and that the republican form of government only works best in a small nation close to the people.

Antifederalist

Argument antifederalist or federalist?
Insisted the United States should remain a group of soverign states that was tied together in trade and defense.

Antifederalist

Argument antifederalist or federalist?
Believed the proposed Consitution did not contain a Bill of Rights that safeguarded the individual liberties

Antifederalist

Argument antifederalist or federalist?
Warned the Shays' Rebellion demonstrated the AoC lacked power and auhtoirty to protect property and domestic peace.

Federalist

Argument antifederalist or federalist?
Aruged the proposed Constitution would work in a large republic by check and balancing

Federalist

Argument antifederalist or federalist?
Stressed the prpoposd government would be a federal system that was shared between state and federal government

Federalist

Who wrote the Federalist Papers?

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

How many essays are in the Federalist Papers?

85

What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?

To defend the Constitution and explain the reasons for each section

How many states ratified the Constitution after the Federalist Papers were published?

All 13 states

What land did the New France included?

New France included Canada, the entire Mississippi River Valley, and Louisiana (This will connect to the Louisiana Purchase)

What did Britain feel due to New France's precense?

They felt cramped, and felt confined by the French boundaries that were blocking expansion beyond the Appalachian mountains.

How did the French and Indian War start?

Began as a power struggle for the control of the upper Ohio River Valley.

The French and Indian War was one of the wars between Britain and France in what was the first world-wide war. What war was it part of?

Called the 7 Year's War. Fought in India, Europe, Asia, and more. Winner would become the ultimate country.

What was the Albany Plan of Union? Who pushed for it?

Ben Franklin was the lead encourager for this formation of elected delegates from the colonies to oversee the first united common defense against the French and Native American threats to the colonies.

What was the cartoon/slogan that was very famous that came from the Albany Plan of Union? Who created it?

Franklin created it called "Join, or Die" which depicted a snake representing the colonies cut into pieces. It dramatically illustrated the need for greater colonial unity.

Why did the plan from the Albany Plan of Union fail based on the colonies?

Because the colonial assemblies did not want to give up their autonomy, and thought the idea of everyone paying taxes was unfair as some were in different financial situations, like the North compared to the richer Southern colonies.

Why did the plan from the Albany Plan of Union fail based on the British?

Because the British feared the colonial unity would undermine their authority.

Who won the 7 Year's War and French Indian War? What was the main reason why?

Great Britain won because they had more people, due to the bigger colonies since New France did not grow and mostly focused on the fur trade, and were outnumbered.

What was the treaty called that ended the 7 Year's War?

Treaty of Paris of 1763

What was the Treaty of Paris of 1763 consist of?

Ended French power in North America, and Brit takes Canda, Spanish Florida, and all of French lands east of Mississ River.

What was the impact on the Native Americans after France lost?

Left Na. Amer. vulnerable due to their long-standing trade/military alliances.
Could not manipulate control by pitting the English and France against each other.

Now that there was no need to ally with Native Americans, as France is gone, what did the British withold which used to be used to keep alliances with natives?

Traditional gifts of guns, powder, and lead.

What was Chief Pontiac's reaction and resistance effort against the bullies of the British?

Pontiac's Rebellion: used anti-Brit animosity into an uprising that attempted to expel Brit's from their Indian lands.

After Pontiac's Rebellion, and other resistances like Philip's War or Wampanog Rebellion, what did the British issue to avoid future conflicts?

The Proclamation of 1763.

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

Prohibited the colonists from settlign the west of the Appalachians.

What was colonist reactions to the Proclamation of 1763?

Pissed because they thought intention of war was to gain access past the Appalachians, due to French borders.

Feeling confident in military superiority, they ignored the Proclamation line, and wanting to expand pushed into lands like Kentucky.

How was the spark of colonial pride a turning point in American history during the aftermath of the 7 Year's War?

Due to being victory, and the colonists supplying soldiers and 2 million pounds, they felt they accomplished a great victory, important, confident in their defense, and viewed themselves a great loyal partner to the British empire.

What was the turning point in relation to Britain during the aftermath of the 7 Year's War?

They had an enormous national debt, and in order to pay for it, the King George the III started making the colonists what they felt was the "fair share of the costs of the empire"

What was the first act that Britain passed as a way to pay back for the 7 Year's War?

Stamp Act: required a tax on every printed piece of paper that was used in every day life like playing cards, newspaper, important documents, and more.

What was the original reaction to the Stamp Act, and what did the colonists felt should be the one who is raising taxes?

Colonial leaders were outraged and insisted that only provincial assemblies had the power to raise taxes.

What was Virtual Representation?

It was an attempt of justification of why Britin was raising the taxes, especially after the Stamp Act, where they said the merchants who traveled across the Atlantic represented all the colonist's interests.

Why did colonists reject virtual representation?

Because they argued they can only be represented by their elected officials, such as Ben Franklin.

What was the important slogan used to reject Virtual Representation?

"No taxation without representation!"

What was the Stamp Act Congress?

Nine colonies and its representatives met at NYC as the first inter-colonial meeting since Albany Congress.

What was the aim for during the Stamp Act Congressional Meeting?

To draft a petition to Parliament and called a boycott to all colonies against British goods.

Even though Britain stood on business with the Virtual Representation, they could not ignore how effective the boycott was towards British goods as exports fell 15%. What did Britain pass in response to the Stamp Act Congress's actions?

The Declaratory Act and rescinded the Stamp Act

What was the main objective of the Declaratory Act?

Reasserted the Britain's authority over the colonies.

How can Stamp Act boycott be connected to an event 200 years later in a different form of oppression (Hint: Martin Luther King)

Led by MLK, a successful boycott against the racist buses in Alabama would create a economic fall, and the company had to give in to the political protest.

Was the Stamp Act the final straw to call for independence against Britain?

No, the colonists stayed loayl to Britain. However, it did start the strained relationship between Parliament and the colonies.

Was there a single event that caused the American Revolution?

No are you a medically induced retard? There was acumulative effect of a series of British actions and colonial reactions that projected the American Revolution. Actulaly dumb bro

Who is Charles Townshend, and what did he proposed to Parliament?

Head of Brit Treasurery, and his Townshend Acts was to import duties on everyday items like paint, glass, paper, and tea.

The revenue taken will be used to pay the royal gov. and the colonial officials.

Townshend Act reignited the dispute over taxation. What were some reactions from the individual reactions against the Townshend Act?

Massachusetts legislature condemned the taxes, and urged other colonial assemblies to join their protest.

Boston merchants began a nonimportation movement as a boycott to Brit goods.

Because of growing American resistance towards Townshend, and his acts, what was sent to the supervise the Bostonians?

4000 of royal troops arrived in Boston.

What was the reaction towards the new soldiers in Boston? What was the biggest event?

Felt fearful, and resented the presence of the troops in their city.
Led to Boston Massacre in 1770 where hecklers taunted soldiers, and one soldier shot and five were dead.

What was the effect of the Boston Massacre?

Branded by Sam Adams, and the famous painting by Paul Revere inflamed colonial opinoin by depicting the Brit soldiers as merciless brutes who killed innocent civillians.

After the disastrous Boston Massacre, Parliament repealed all Townshend duties except the one on?

Tea.

Even though after repealing most of the Townshend Acts restored a temporary harmony, what trend continued to occur?

Continued feelings of distrust between the British officials, and a growing increasingly radical generation of American leaders.

Boston Tea Party: What happened, and why?

On December 16, 1773, a group of Bostonians disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded Brit ships and threw 342 chests of tea into the harbor.

Boycott against the Townshend Acts of Tea.

Why was the Coercive or Intolerable Acts passed by Parliament?

They were so pissed that they lost so much money after the ruin on tea, and was passed to punish Boston for the destruction of private property.

What was part of the Intolerable Acts?

Boston port closed, no more town meetings for brainstorming, and army can quarter troops whever they were needed.

The Intolerable Acts made the colonist's feel that?

Their fear of Britain tried to restrict their right to self-government was confirmed.