VIETNAM: SECOND WAVE OF NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES

First Indochina War

Conflict between France and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam following Japan’s defeat in World War II.

1945

Vietnam’s Declaration of Independence (September 2, ___): Marked the proclamation of independence of Indochina from France.

Hanoi

Democratic Republic of Vietnam: New Vietnamese state with its capital at ___ and Ho Chi Minh as president.

Ho Chi Mihn

Democratic Republic of Vietnam: New Vietnamese state with its capital at Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh as president.

Federal Union of France

France’s Postwar Plans: Aimed to restore control by creating a ___ that included its colonial possessions (FUF).

French Indochina

French-established federal government that governed colonies in Southeast Asia.

French

War Objectives (France): To reestablish ___ rule over Indochina.

Sovereignty

War Objectives (Vietnam): To defend the ___ of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

Viet Minh

Main Forces (Vietnam): The ___, nationalist independence movement.

French Far East Expeditionary Corps

Main Forces (France): The ___ (FFEEC)

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

March–May 1954: Major battle fought in North Vietnam near Laos that decided the war’s outcome.

Laos

French Battle Strategy: Support French troops at Dien Bien Phu and cut off Viet Minh supply lines from ___.

Bombard

Viet Minh Strategy: ___ French positions around Dien Bien Phu.

Artillery

Viet Minh Advantage (___): Possessed heavy ___ and anti-aircraft guns.

Mobility

Viet Minh Advantage (___): Managed to move heavy weapons through rough mountain terrain.

Positioning

Viet Minh Advantage (___): Occupied highlands around Dien Bien Phu, allowing accurate bombardment.

Terrain

French Disadvantage (___): French base located in a valley surrounded by hills.

Intelligence

French Disadvantage (___): Unaware of Viet Minh’s heavy weaponry and ability to transport it through rough terrain.

French

Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Outcome): Featured intense ground combat leading to ___ defeat.

Defeated

Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Significance): First time a colonial independence movement of guerrilla fighters ___ a Western power in open battle.

Geneva Accords

Agreement signed in Geneva, Switzerland, ending the First Indochina War.

French Indochina

Geneva Accords Key Provision: Ordered the dissolution of ___.

17

Geneva Accords Partition of Vietnam: Divided the country at the ___th Parallel into North and South Vietnam.

Ho Chi Minh

North Vietnam was placed under the leadership of ___.

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnam was placed under the leadership of ___.

Contrasting

Vietnam in 1954 (Economic Condition): The two regions developed ___ economic systems.

Communist

North Vietnam’s Economy: ___ system that prioritized heavy industry and banned private enterprise and ownership.

Capitalist

South Vietnam’s Economy: ___ system that traded extensively with anti-communist nations and relied heavily on U.S. foreign aid.

Vietnam War

Other name for the Second Indochina War; fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam (supported by the United States).

John F. Kennedy

Vietnam War: U.S. President ___ increased economic and military aid to South Vietnam (JFK).

Lyndon B. Johnson

Vietnam War: President ___ vowed not to lose any part of Asia to Communism and raised U.S. troops to 16,000 (LBJ).

Marines

Vietnam War: 3,500 U.S. ___ were sent to Vietnam, marking the first American ground troops in the war.

Vietcong

name for the North Vietnamese.

Richard Nixon

Vietnam War: President ___ proposed peace negotiations to end U.S. involvement (RN).

Richard Nixon

Vietnam War: ___ ordered an end to all offensive actions in North Vietnam; ceasefire signed in Paris.

Paris Peace Accords

January 27, 1973: Agreement aimed to restore peace in Vietnam and end the war.

Henry Kissinger

Paris Peace Accords (Chief Negotiators): ___ represented the United States, while Le Duc Tho represented North Vietnam (HK).

Le Duc Tho

Paris Peace Accords (Chief Negotiators): Henry Kissinger represented the United States, while ___ represented North Vietnam (LDT).

Saigon

April 30, 1975: North Vietnamese troops entered ___, leading to South Vietnam’s surrender.

Skilled

Reunification Problem: The country lacked a generation of ___ Vietnamese needed for economic recovery.

Casualties, Infrastructures, Agriculture, Political Refugees

Reunification Problem: ___; Destruction of ___, ___; Departure of ___.

Communism

Economic Aim (FYP 1975–1980): Unify the national economy under ___.

Reconstruction, integration, communization

FYP 1975–1980: Development Priorities: ___, new construction, agricultural development, North–South ___, and ___.

Balanced

FYP 1975–1980: ___ approach on agriculture and industry; heavy industry was to serve agriculture to fund industrial growth.

Western, communist

FYP 1975–1980 Sources of Financial Support: ___ nations, international organizations, and ___ allies.

Failed

Result of the 1975–1980 FYP: ___ to fix major economic problems; economy remained marked by low productivity, small-scale production, unemployment, and shortages.

Agriculture

FYP 1981–1985 Main Aim: Develop ___ as the highest priority.

Cultivation, specialization

FYP 1981–1985: Integrate collective and individual sectors using intensive ___ and crop ___, supported by science and technology.

Family, contracts

FYP 1981–1985 New Agricultural Strategy: Promote ___-based farming by allowing peasants to farm unused collective land through ___.

Free Enterprise Policy

FYP 1981–1985: Ended nationalization of small enterprises and reversed earlier full communization policies; benefited peasants, small traders, and family businesses who avoided cooperatives.

Domestic, base

FYP 1981–1985 Industrial Goals: Develop small-scale industries for ___ needs, exports, and a ___ for heavy industry.

State-private joint enterprises, cooperatives

FYP 1981–1985 Industrial Development Strategies: Transform some private firms into ___; reorganize others into ___ while maintaining individual ownership.

Doi Moi

1986: Political and economic reform campaign to shift from a centralized to a socialist-oriented market economy.

Socialist

Doi Moi is a political and economic reform campaign to shift from a centralized to a ___-oriented market economy.

Free

Doi Moi Goals: Combine state planning with market incentives; allow ___ enterprise and foreign investment.

Controls, freely, private

Key Doi Moi Policies: Abolished collectives, removed price ___, allowed farmers to sell goods ___, and encouraged ___ and foreign businesses.

Created, dropped

Doi Moi Results: Over 30,000 private businesses ___; poverty rate ___ from 50% to 29%; annual economic growth exceeded 7%; rural poverty fell from 66% (1993) to 36% (2002).

Bilateral Trade Agreement

2000: Signed between Vietnam and the United States; granted Vietnam Normal Trade Relations status and access to the U.S. market..

Manufacturing, export

Future Prospects of the Agreement: Aimed to accelerate Vietnam’s shift into a ___ and ___-oriented economy and attract global investment.

10-Year Economic Plan

2001: Approved by the Vietnamese Communist Party to enhance the private sector while keeping state control.

2nd

Economic Growth (2000–2003): GDP rose from 6% to 7%, making Vietnam the ___ fastest-growing economy globally despite a world recession.

Samsung, Nike, Intel

Vietnam at Present: Hosts major consumer brands like ___, ___, ___, Adidas, LG, The North Face, Merrell’s, and Everlane.