C1.2 Cellular Respiration

Cell respiration

A process where carbon compounds are oxidized to release energy used to produce ATP.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The energy currency of the cell, used for temporary storage of energy and energy transfer between processes.

Anaerobic respiration

A metabolic process that occurs without oxygen, producing energy through the breakdown of glucose to products like lactate or ethanol.

Aerobic respiration

A type of respiration that requires oxygen to oxidize substrates, typically yielding more ATP.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of ATP and reduced NAD.

NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

A coenzyme that carries electrons during cellular respiration and is involved in redox reactions.

Electron transport chain

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, resulting in the production of ATP.

Lactate

A product of anaerobic respiration in muscles, resulting from the conversion of pyruvate.

Chemiosmosis

The process of using a proton gradient to synthesize ATP in mitochondria.

Proton gradient

A difference in proton concentration across a membrane, used in ATP production.

Gas exchange

The process of oxygen entering and carbon dioxide exiting the cells through simple diffusion.

Oxygen debt

The amount of oxygen required after exercise to break down accumulated lactic acid.

Hydrolysis of ATP

The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and phosphate, releasing energy for cellular processes.

Redox reactions

Reactions involving the oxidation and reduction where electrons are transferred between substances.

Phosphate group

A functional group consisting of phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, essential for energy storage in ATP.

Cell respiration is essential for producing ________ used by the cell.

ATP

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of ________.

Oxygen

Glycolysis takes place in the ________ of the cell.

Cytoplasm

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is ________.

Oxygen

During glycolysis, glucose is converted into ________.

Pyruvate

Chemiosmosis occurs in the ________ of mitochondria.

Inner membrane

Lactate is produced during ________ respiration when oxygen levels are low.

Anaerobic

The proton gradient is established during the ________ of respiration.

Electron transport chain

The breakdown of ATP releases a ________ group to release energy.

Phosphate

In redox reactions, one substance is ________ while another is reduced.

Oxidized

What is the primary function of ATP in cells?

To store and transfer energy for various cellular processes.

What does anaerobic respiration produce in muscle cells?

Lactate, due to the breakdown of glucose without oxygen.

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

In the mitochondria.

What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

To carry electrons and facilitate redox reactions.

What is the byproduct of aerobic respiration?

Carbon dioxide and water.

How many ATP molecules can be produced from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?

Up to 38 ATP molecules.

What is the significance of the electron transport chain?

It generates ATP through the transfer of electrons and chemiosmosis.

What is fermentation?

A metabolic process that allows the production of energy without oxygen.

Why is oxygen essential for aerobic respiration?

It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; anaerobic respiration does not.