VMT 216 - Chapter Four

Cell Physiology

The two types of water loss are…

1. sensible

2. insensible

Sensible water loss refers to…

amounts that are easily measured/tracked

Insensible water loss refers to…

amounts not easily measured/tracked

Examples of sensible water loss include…

1. urination

2. defecation

3. vomiting

4. sweating

Examples of insensible water loss include…

1. respiration

2. skin losses

Fluid within the cell is referred to as…

intracellular

Intracellular fluid makes up __ of the total body fluid.

2/3

Fluid outside the cell is referred to as…

extracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid makes up __ of the total body fluid.

1/3

Fluid within vessels is referred to as…

intravascular

Fluid outside of vessels is referred to as…

extravascular

Intravascular and extravascular fluid is additionally considered…

extracellular

Fluid located outside cells and within tissues is referred to as…

interstitial

Electrolytes carry an…

electric charge

Cations are ______ charged.

positively

Anions are _______ charged.

negatively

Acids are proton…

donors

Bases are proton…

receivers

The electrolytes located in the extracellular fluid are…

sodium

The electrolytes located in the intracellular fluid are…

potassium

As hydrogen increases, the pH…

lowers

As hydroxyl increases, the pH…

increases

A low pH indicates that the solution is…

acidic

A high pH indicates that the solution is…

basic

Blood should have a pH of…

7.4

If the blood pH lowers below 7.4, this triggers…

metabolic acidosis

If the blood pH raises above 7.4, this triggers…

metabolic alkalosis

Osmolality is defined as…

the measure of solute concentration in a fluid

The osmolality range of serum is…

278-300 mOsmol/kg

An isotonic solution has the _____ osmolality of normal blood.

same

A hypotonic solution has a ____ osmolality of normal blood.

lower

A hypertonic solution has a _____ osmolality of normal blood.

higher

A hypotonic solution would cause a cell to…

swell and potentially burst

A hypertonic solution would cause a cell to…

shrivel

Cells in a hypotonic solution swell because…

water is moving towards the cell at an increased rate

Cells in a hypertonic solution shrivel because…

water is moving out of the cell at an increased rate

During fluid therapy, colloids are used to rehydrate…

intravascular spaces

Colloids are _____ solutions.

hypertonic

Crystalloids are used to rehydrate…

extravascular spaces

Crystalloids are ______ or ______ solutions.

hypotonic, isotonic

The three phases of fluid therapy are…

1. resuscitation

2. replacement

3. maintenance

The goal of resuscitation in fluid therapy is to…

increase the intravascular fluid volume

What type(s) of fluid are used during resuscitation?

crystalloids and colloids

The goal of replacement during fluid therapy is to…

correct dehydration

What type of molecules are able to freely pass through the cell membrane?

small molecules, like water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

What type of molecules are not able to freely pass through the cell membrane?

large molecules, like hormones, and nutrients

Since some molecules freely pass through the cell membrane and others do not, it is considered…

selectively permeable

Transport across the membrane that requires ATP is considered…

active

Transport across the membrane that does not require ATP is considered…

passive

The four types of passive transport are…

1. diffusion

2. facilitated diffusion

3. osmosis

4. filtration

During diffusion molecules move…

from a space of high concentration to a space of lower concentration to create even distribution

The ability to diffuse is dependent on the following factors…

1. size

2. lipid solubility

3. polarity

During facilitated diffusion molecules move using…

carrier protein channels

The rate of facilitated diffusion is dependent on…

the number of proteins

The rate of facilitated diffusion can be adjusted by…

hormones

Osmosis is movement of…

water across a membrane against its concentration gradient

The force created by osmosis is called…

osmotic pressure

The difference between the osmotic pressure of blood compared to interstitial fluid is called…

oncotic pressure

Edema is accumulation of…

water within interstitial spaces

Effusion is accumulation of…

water within body cavities

Filtration occurs by…

pushing liquids through a membrane

Filtration requires…

physical force

The force that pushes fluid through during filtration is called…

hydrostatic pressure

The hydrostatic pressure of blood is called…

blood pressure

Blood pressure is based on…

the strength of the pump and diameter of the pipes

Active transport uses…

carrier proteins

Within a symporter pump ions will…

flow in the same direction

Within a antiporter pump ions will…

flow in opposite directions

The sodium-potassium pump is a…

antiporter pump

The purpose of the sodium-potassium pump is to…

create electricity and “charge up”

Cytosis occurs when…

a vesicle formed from caveola

Phagocytosis occurs when…

a vesicle engulfs a solid particle

Pinocytosis occurs when…

a vesicle engulfs a liquid

Receptor mediated endocytosis occurs when…

integral proteins on the surface initiate phagocytosis

Exocytosis results in…

excretion and secretion

Excretion refers to the…

release of waste products

Secretion refers to the…

release of manufactured molecules

Resting Membrane Potential describes…

an uneven distribution of ions on either side of the cell membrane

The two ions involved with establishing membrane potential are…

1. sodium

2. potassium

Cell differentiation is the process of…

stem cells becoming specialized cells

Cell differentiation occurs because…

genes can be turned off (permanently or temporarily) depending on the function of the cell