Ch1 Intro - systems, anatomical directions, terms

All body systems

MR DICE RUNS

Muscular - movement, heat production

Respiratory - O2 intake + CO2 removal

Digestive - breaking down food + nutrient absorption

Integumentary - regulates body temp, protection, encloses other organs

Cardiovascular - oxygen, gas and nutrient transport

Endocrine - hormonal regulation

Reproductive

Urinary - water regulation, filters waste from blood

Nervous - rapid communication, control

Skeletal - structural support, RBC prod, mineral storage

Lymphatic/Immune

Front to back directional terms

Anterior/ventral - front

Posterior/dorsal - back

Up and down directional terms

Superior/cranial - up

Inferior/caudal - down

Lying on back / lying face down

Supine - lying on back

Prone - face down

Proximity to attachment point

Proximal - closer to attachment

Distal - farther from attachment

*These terms are used comparatively (eg. an elbow is not just “proximal” but “proximal to _”)

Body planes

& oblique: combination of 2+

Midline of body

Medial - midline

Lateral - direction farther from middle line towards side

*eg. a vertical cut would be a mid-saggital section, moving left or right would be lateral compared to the midline

Surface / deep directional terms

Superficial - Surface

Deep

Ventral / anterior cavities

Thoracic (superior to diaphragm)

Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm) - abdominal and pelvic cavities, no distinct border

Areas of thoracic cavity

• L + R pleural cavities (cover lungs and line the chest)

• Mediastinum

  • Contains major heart vessels, trachea, esophagus (superior cavity)

  • Has pericardial cavity with heart and surrounding membranes + fluid

  • Further divided into superior mediastinum and ventral, middle, posterior mediastinum (inferior)

Abdominopelvic quadrants

From up to down:

• L + R hypochondriac, epigastric region (middle)

• L + R lumbar, umbilical

• L + R iliac, hypogastric

Posterior / dorsal cavities

Cranial and vertebral cavity

Types of serous membrane

Visceral - surrounds organ (innermost)

Parietal - lines body cavity (outermost)

Types of tissue

Muscular, nervous, epithelial, connective

Feedback loop

Stimulus (trigger) → sensor → control → effector

Sensory receptor, control center (brain), target organ