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Plato (427-347 BCE): Mimesis
Art is imitation, and what it creates is an illusion far removed from truth."
Plato saw art as secondary to truth, arguing that it appeals to emotions rather than reason.
Aristotle (384-322 BCE): Catharsis and Imitation
"The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance."
Art, for Aristotle, has a moral and educational purpose, helping individuals process emotions.
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Aesthetic Judgment
"Art is a purposiveness without purpose."
For Kant, art is about beauty and the ability to stimulate the imagination and intellect harmoniously.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831): Spirit
"Art is the sensuous presentation of the Absolute."
He believed art evolves, reflecting humanity's self-awareness and cultural progression.
Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910): Emotional Communication
"Art is a human activity whose purpose is the transmission of the highest and best feelings to which men have risen."
For Tolstoy, art is a tool for moral and spiritual connection among people.
Arthur Danto (1924-2013): Artworld Theory
"To see something as art requires something the eye cannot descry—an atmosphere of artistic theory, a knowledge of the history of art."
Art is defined less by intrinsic qualities and more by its role in culture.
John Dewey (1859-1952): Experience
"Art is the most effective mode of communication that exists."
He saw art as integral to life, bridging personal and collective meaning.
Theodor Adorno (1903-1969): Critique of Society
"Art is the promise of happiness that is broken by its realization."
Art, for Adorno, reveals the contradictions and alienation of modern life.
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