World History Honors 9 - Unit 6 Essex Tech Jed Beauparlant - Enlightenment, Phillip II, Russia and English Civil War

Wollstonecraft

A champion of women's rights during the Enlightenment. She argued that women should have the same educational opportunities as men. Think of her as an early advocate for gender equality.

Diderot

The mastermind behind the Encyclopédie, a huge collection of knowledge from the Enlightenment. He wanted to spread information and encourage people to think for themselves.

Montesquieu

Believed in separating government power into different branches, like the legislative, executive, and judicial. This idea influenced the way many modern governments are set up.

Rousseau

He came up with the idea of a 'social contract,' where people agree to be governed for the common good. He valued individual freedom but also believed in the importance of community.

Hobbes

Thought that people are naturally selfish and need a strong ruler to keep order. He believed life without government would be chaotic and violent.

Beccaria

Fought to make the justice system fairer. He believed punishments should fit the crime and that torture should be avoided.

Locke

Argued that everyone has natural rights to life, liberty, and property. These ideas had a big impact on the American Declaration of Independence.

Voltaire

A strong believer in freedom of speech and religious tolerance. He thought people should be able to say what they believe without being punished.

Fall of the Church

As new ideas spread during the Enlightenment, people started to question the authority of the Church. This led to a decline in the Church's influence over society.

Era of Absolution

A time in Europe when kings and queens had total control over their countries. They didn't share power with anyone and believed they ruled by divine right.

Divine Right Theory

The idea that a ruler's power comes directly from God. This gave monarchs a sense of legitimacy and made it difficult to challenge their authority.

Social Contract Theory

The belief that people give up some individual freedoms in exchange for protection and order from the government. It's like an agreement between the people and their rulers.

Phillip II

The King Of Spain who ruled over Italy, the Netherlands and Overseas territories who invested in art and had 3 wives total

Moscow Expansion

Areas around Muscovy are Conquered under Ivan III

Boyars

The Russian Nobles

Ivan IV

The first Tsar of Russia who expanded the landmass ruthlessly by threatening to leave the throne abandoned, Nickname is “The Terrible”.

Oprichniki

The Secret Police which took the power of the nobles and would follow every command of the Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich

Michael Romanov

The first Tsar of the Romanov Dynasty of Russia who was given power by election, Grandfather of Peter I, restored order to Russia after Ivan IV

Grand Embassy

The Journey to Europe that Peter I took in which he learned about European culture, society, diet, health, dentistry, government and shipbuilding in attempt to westernize Russia

Peter I

Also known as “The Great”, he was the first Emperor of the Russian Empire (Transitioning from Tsar into Emperor) who ordered the construction of Saint Petersburg, who made overseas trading in Russia Possible and he was the one responsible for the track of Russias faster evolution for 297 years

Reforms

These are the changes that Peter the Great made for the Military, Education and Culture of Russia

James I

First king of Great Britain. He believed in the Divine Right of Kings, he couldn’t fund wars because of parliament and the Protestants and Puritans got into conflict, with him only creating the KJV Bible, He kept trying to fight parliament, and they got him to sign something that he did not follow, sparking a war

Charles I

The King Of England ruling under the form of a Constitutional Monarchy who did not listen to the words of the parliament, and was responsible for the start of the 2 English Civil Wars, for his acts, he was beheaded.

James II

A Catholic king who was the brother of Charles II who was eventually overthrown in the Glorious Revolution because everyone was afraid of a Catholic dynasty taking over England.

Charles II

Son Of Charles I, was exiled from England, and after the death of Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, he became King and restored the Monarchial system of England, and he improved trade for the British people. He Converted to Catholicism at his death bed.

Oliver Cromwell

After the English Civil war, he became the Lord protector (acting king)

William and Mary

They were asked to lead together after the Glorious Revolution, which was to allow Catholics to rule and be apart of the government, and they were the monarchs of Great Britain.

English Civil War

The Wars in which Royalists fought Parliamentarians, which resulted in victory of Parliamentarians and the death of the King because he abused his power

English bill of Rights

This document was created to prevent the monarchs of England from overusing power

El Greco

Domenikos Theotokopoulos was a painter who used Crazy colors, Emotion, and Distortion. He did this to paint the Faith of Catholic People in Spain.

Velazquez

A painter who primarily painted the Spanish royal family 50 years after “El Greco”.

Don Quixote

A book made by Miguel Cervantes about a man who reads so much about knights and fight mills as if they are giants

Spanish Economy Declines

Inflation increases at an abnormal rate and taxes are not put on the rich, but on the poorer people

Wealthy Enemies

The Guilds were a network of many people in which people could sell things and Wars cost lots of money, and that made neighboring countries lots of money when Spain was in debt

Dutch Revolt

A rebellion in 1556 Netherlands that took place because of the Catholic monarchs of Spain which ended with the Protestant Dutch Independence