AP Chemistry Review 1st semester

London dispersion forces

universal IMF for nonpolar molecules

Dipole-dipole forces

IMF that exists in polar molecules

Hydrogen bonding

IMF that occurs with FON

The stronger the IMF, the higher the boiling pt, melting pt

What is the relationship between strength of IMF and boiling point, melting point?

square pyramidal

what shape?

square planar

What shape?

trigonal bipyramidal

What shape?

see-saw

What shape? 5 electron domains with 1 non bonding pair

T-shape

What shape? 5 electron domains but with 2 non-bonding pairs

∆Hvap

energy needed to vaporize a mole of a liquid

fusion

another term for melting

London dispersion forces

larger molecules which have higher mass and therefore electron density (more polarizable)have stronger ______________ forces

bond energy

energy needed to break a bond is called

specific heat

heat needed to change 1 g of substance by 1˚C

ionic

These compounds are most conductive in aqueous solns, not conductive as solids

sulfuric acid

H₂SO₄ is named.

nitrous acid

HNO₂ is named

hyrophosporic acid

H₃P is named

red

lowest frequency color of light

violet

highest frequency color of light

s orbitals

these orbitals are spherical

Boltzmann distribution

states molecules at a given temp. vary in kinetic energy along a bell-curve of molecular velocities

moles solute/L of solution

molarity =

polar

polar dissolves...

0

∆Hº of pure elements=

diamagnetic

elements which have all electrons paired and relatively unaffected by magnetic fields

paramagnetic

elements which have unpaired electrons and highly affected by magnetic fields

all nitrates, ammonium and group 1 metals

solubility rules to know

HI, HBr, HCl, HClO₃, HClO₄, HNO₃, H₂SO₄

list the strong acids

Group 1 hydroxides, Ca, Sr, Ba with hydroxide

list the strong bases

2+

Charge on Zn

1+

Charge on Ag

1000 J = 1KJ

How to convert from Joules to KJ

kJ/mol

What are the units for change in enthalpy?

Sum of bond energies of reactants - products whereas the other laws on the eq sheet are products - reactants.

The equation for calculating the ∆H for an equation using bond energies is not on the equation sheet. What is the eq for bond energy?

decreases

Moving left to right across the periodic table, atomic radius...

6

The p sublevel holds how many electrons total?

paramagnetic

Is phosphorous diamagnetic or paramagnetic?

3.3 x 10⁻¹⁹ J

Planks constant is 6.6x10⁻³⁴ Js.The energy of a light photon with a frequency of 5.0 x 10¹⁴ is

42 mL

You must make 500.0mL of 1.0 M HCl out of 12.0 M HCl. How many ml of 12.0M would you use?

Zn

I am a diamagnetic transition metal in the fourth period

14

How many hydrogen atoms are in hexane?

AgCl

Which of the following substances is mostly likely to be found on a piece of filter paper? AgNO₃, AgCl, NaF

SO₄²⁻

The formula and charge for sulfate is...

5

How many valence electrons?

10

How many total electrons in the fluoride ion?

Green

A solution is red in color. What wavelength of light is likely absorbed? Blue, Green, Red, or Yellow

THAT GUY!!!

Never, under any circumstances, be.....

Li

Which element has the greatest first ionization energy? Li, Na, Cs, Rb

Sulfur

Which of the following has the smallest atomic radius? Na, Mg, S, Al

Substitutional

This picture represents what type of alloy?

Interstitial

This picture represents what type of alloy?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10

Write the electron configuration for the Zn ion?

trigonal planar

Shape of carbonate?

sp²

What is the hybridization around the central atom?

electrolyte

a chemical compound that dissociates into ions and conducts electricity

exothermic

A reaction or change that releases energy is said to be___________

M₁V₁=M₂V₂

Dilution formula is....

spectator ions

Ions that don't participate in a chemical rxn are called...

proton donor

Bronsted-Lowry Acid is a .....

Temperature

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is the same as _____________

high energy

A certain wavelength of light has a short wavelength, what can be said about it's energy?

electron affinity

Periodic Trends: The energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom is called....

remove an electron

The ionization energy is the energy to do what?

decreases, greater effective nuclear charge pulls the electron cloud in therefore reduces the radius

Atomic radius ____________ moving left to right because ______________

decreases, there are more energy levels and shielding electrons making the valence electrons easier to remove compared to smaller atoms.

Ionization energy _______________ going down a family because ______________

electronegativity

Periodic Trends: What term describes the pull on shared electrons when two atoms bond?

distance between atoms and charge (Coulomb's Law)

Name two factors that impact the lattice energy

180⁰

Bond angle of the linear geometry

sp

hybridization of a linear shaped molecule

120⁰

bond angle of a trigonal planar shape

109.5°

bond angle of a tetrahedral shaped molecule

non-polar

a bond that forms when electrons are equally shared

polar

a bond that forms when electrons are not equally shared

3 sigma, 1 pi

nitrate has how many sigma and how many pi bonds?

sp³

hybridization of a tetrahedral shape

The weaker the IMF's the high the vapor pressure

What is the relationship between strength of IMF's and the vapor pressure

positive

What is the sign on ∆H when a rxn is endothermic?

4th ionization energy

Where would you see a large jump in the ionization energy for aluminum? 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th or 5th ionization energy?

Zeff or number or P+

What do do you always use to explain trends going across the periodic table

energy levels or shielding electrons or distance (coulomb's law)

What do you always use to explain trends going down the periodic table

red

A solution is red in color, what wavelength of light has the highest transmittance?

non-polar

A student is using a non-polar solvent in a chromatography lab with a polar stationary phase. Would a polar or nonpolar substance travel further with the solvent front?

electron configuration

If two substances are isoelectronic, they have the same...

(mass₁ X % abundance₁) + (mass₂ X % abundance₂)... then divide by 100 unless you changed % to decimal

What is the formula for average atomic mass?

neutrons

Isotopes of an atom have a different number of...

larger because the addition of an electron increases e- repulsions in the e- cloud which makes it larger

The ion of chlorine is ___________(smaller/larger) than the atom of chlorine because....

Argon

I am an inert gas in the 3rd period