Chemistry exam #1

chemistry

the study of matter and its changes

matter

any substance or item that has mass and occupies volume

mass

a measure of the amount of matter present, measured in grams

volume

a measurement of the amount of space something takes up, measured in cubic meters

density

the ratio of the amount of mass of an object to its volume

Law of Conservation of mass

in any closed and isolated system, mass cannot be created nor destroyed only transferred

Law of Conservation of energy

in any closed and isolated system, energy cannot be created nor destroyed only transferred

law of definite proportions

a chemical compound always is made of the same elemental parts in a fixed ratio, the material and methods used to create the compound do not affect the final product

property

an attribute or characteristic of something

intensive property

a property of matter that does not depend on the amount of material

extensive property

a property of matter that varied based on the amount of material you have

chemical property

a property of matter that describes how a substance interacts (reacts) with other substances

physical proerty

a property of matter that describes its current state, a property that is able to be measured without changing the substance

smelting chemically reacts metal ores with reactants such as carbon with high temperatures to produce pure metal is a _ change

chemical

if the physical state is changed without changing the composition, such as melting solid copper to a liquid copper, it is a _ change

physical

burning a match

chemical change

baking a cake

chemical change

cracking a piece of glass

physical change

a piece of apple darkens after being cut

chemical change

boiling water

physical change

rusting of iron

chemical change

Three Pillars of Sustainability

social, environmental, economic

environmental pillar of sustainability

pollution prevention, natural resource use

social pillar of sustainability

quality of life for all members of society

economic pillar of sustainability

fair distribution and efficient allocation of resources

cradle to cradle recycling

end of usefulness of one product dovetails with the beginning of the life cycle for another product

the process of recycling electronics to recover metals is referred to as:

urban mining

accuracy

the degree to which a measurement or calculation conforms to the true, correct, or standard value

precision

how closely a measurement can be repeated, the number of digits within a measurement

states of matter

solid, liquid, gas

solids

substances that have well defined shapes and volumes

liquids

have defined volumes but change shape easily

gasses

have neither a set shape nor volume

evaporation

shifts liquids to gasses

freezing

shifts liquids to solids

solid particles

chained together

liquid particles

clumped together

gas particles

separated

atom

smallest type of matter that retains any similar properties

molecule

a group of atoms

element

matter made from one type of atom

element particle diagram

FINISH

compound

matter made from 2 or more types of elements in a specific ratio

compound particle diagram

FINISH

mixture

matter made from two or more compounds in any combination

heterogeneous mixture

without composition that varies throughout, such as gravel

homogeneous mixture

with a uniform composition throughout, such as solutions of sugar dissolved in water

homogenous mixture particle diagram

FINISH

heterogeneous mixture particle diagram

FINISH

carbon dioxide

compound

nickel

element

cocaine

compound

water

compound

flourine

element

table salt

compound

soap

mixture

sea water

mixture

pure substance

a sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties

phones

heterogeneous mixture

aluminum foil

element

red wine

homogeneous mixture

chlorine gas

element

stainless steel

compound

sugar

compound

a substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical methods is called a:

compound

sodium chloride is not a what?

mixture

air is not a what?

pure substance

mixture particles diagram

FINISH

which differentiates a compound from a mixture or two or more elements?

a compound does not exhibit the individual properties of the elements of which it is composed

element example

N2

a _ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement

molecule

pure substance

silver wire

what type of material is defined as having a well-order atomic structure?

crystalline

homogeneous mixture example

pulp-free lemonade

what term is used to describe a material that allows light to mostly pass through it?

transparent

what state of matter has a definite shape?

solid

matter is anything that occupies space and has a _

mass

physical change example

melting ice

chemical change example

souring milk

diagram of a mixture of an element and a compound

FINISH

diagram of a mixture of two elements

FINISH

diagram of a mixture of two compounds

FINISH

element facts

118 total, symbols on the periodic table represent elements

periodic table layout

go in order by atomic number (left to right, top to bottom), and the atomic number = the number of protons

rows

periods

columns

groups

bioluminescence

life making light via chemical mixing inside organism

when were most elements discovered?

the 1700s

where were most elements discoerved?

USA & Europe

what is the use of the periodic table?

categorize similar elements (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) by properties (color, reactivity, poison, etc)

group #1

alkali metals

group #2

alkaline earth metals

group #11

coinage metals

group #14

carbon group

group #15

pinctogens

group #16

chalcogens

group #17

halogens

group #18

noble gases

groups #58-71

lanthanides

groups #90-103

actinides