JJ FINAL

definition of juvenile delinquency

someone under the age of 18 is convicted of an offense

best way to measure delinquency

self report surveys

why is there a decline in offending

increased parental supervision/ control, better access to programs

what gender commits more delinquency

males

what factors have the most effect on delinquency (having to deal with juvenile)

age and gender

what ages commit the most

14-17

sociodemographics factors that have most effect on delinquency

lower class neighborhoods, economic struggle, broken homes

in re gault

gave due process rights to juveniles

in re winship

proof beyond reasonable doubt

kent v US

Waiver hearings required in juvenile court

shawl v martin

preventative detention

roper v simmons

no death penalty under the age of 18

miller v alabama

no mandatory life w out parole, need hearing

types of coping in strain theory

emotional, behavioral, cognitive

example of emotional coping

doing drugs to relieve stress

who is the founder of control theory

travis hirschi

what is the foundation of control theory

it theorizes what keeps juveniles from offending

what is labeling theory

modern day approaches that we are trying to steer away from. HARSH REJECTION LABELS, FAILURE TO RESPOND, CONDEMN THE DELINQUENCY ACCEPT THE CHILD (restorative justice!)

what is rational choice theory

juveniles are NOT rational, they weigh the risk v reward first

what percent of police encounters end in arrests

20%

what race is highly discriminated against by police

african americans

what percent of youth are in a gang

2%

what is a process evaluation

determines how a program is implemented

what is a program evaluation

it measures the effectiveness of a program

what percent of a neighborhood needs to be under the poverty level to be considered in poverty

40% or more

what are the 4 super traits

low self control/ irritability

poor parenting practices

negative school experiences

presence of delinquent peers

whag is the ideal parenting style (causes least delinquency)

authoritative parenting

what style of parenting causes the most delinquent

permissive parenting

what effect do school characteristics have on delinquency

small to modest

indirect discrimination

other factors that lead to discrimination (poor, low status)

direct discrimination

discrimination based on race

general deterrence

changing a law that affects all juveniles

specific deterrence

changing one juveniles probation (specific to juvenile )

preventative and rehab programs are what percent effective

50-71%

intermediate sanctions

alternative punishments (boot camp, community service, fines)

positive punishment & negative punishment

presentation of something bad

removal of something good

positive reinforcement& negative reinforcement

something good

removal of something bad