State Institutions

State Institutions

1. Governance and legislation

2. Law enforcement and security

3. Judiciary

4. Education

5. Healthcare

6. Economic regulation

7. Social welfare

8. Economic regulation

9. Taxation & revenue collection

10. Diplomacy and foreign relations

Governance

is about how decisions are made and carried out, covering structures and processes.

Legislation

is the creation and application of laws within a legal framework.

Governance and Legislation Agency

1. Department of Justice (DOJ)

2. Office of the President of the Philippines

Department of Justice (DOJ)

• Responsible for investigating crimes and prosecuting offenders.

• Oversees the correctional system.

• Provides legal counsel.

• Manages alien admission and stay laws.

• Offers free legal services to citizens in need.

Roles and Functions of Department of Justice (DOJ)

• Upholds the rule of law.

• Oversees the legal system.

• Provides legal advice to government agencies.

• Prosecutes cases for fair and impartial justice.

• Supervises public prosecutors.

• Represents the government in legal matters.

• Promotes legal reforms for a better judicial system.

Purpose of Regulations - Department of Justice (DOJ)

• Prosecutes criminal cases.

• Collaborates with law enforcement for thorough investigations.

• Prepares cases for trial.

Office of the President of the Philippines

• Head of State and Government.

• Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces.

• Controls all executive departments, bureaus, and offices.

Roles and Functions of Office of the President of the Philippines

• Holds a central role in government.

• Provides executive leadership.

• Formulates policies and makes decisions.

• Serves as the head of state and government.

• Executes laws and directs government agencies.

• Represents the nation.

• Influences the country's political, economic, and social landscape.

Purpose of Regulations - Office of the President of the Philippines

• Issues executive orders with the force of law.

• Implements laws and manages government agencies.

• Set policy directions for the country.

Law enforcement

involves enforcing the law and is carried out by police officers, sheriff's deputies, and other officials. These agencies investigate crimes, apprehend criminals, and work to prevent unlawful activities.

Security

is protected from harm, whether it's people, property, or information. It includes physical measures like locks and cameras, as well as information security such as firewalls and encryption.

Law Enforcement Agencies

1. Local

2. State

3. Federal

Local

Operate within specific towns or cities.

State

Include highway patrols and investigative bureaus within state jurisdictions.

Federal

Agencies like the FBI, DEA, and ATF handle national-level law enforcement.

Responsibilities of Law enforcement and security

1. Crime prevention

2. patrols

3. investigations

4. community engagement

Security Measures

1. Physical Security

2. Cybersecurity

Physical Security

Includes surveillance cameras and access control systems.

Cybersecurity

Involves firewalls, antivirus software, and encryption.

Importance of Law enforcement and security

Protecting assets, securing physical locations, and valuable information.

Relationship Between Law Enforcement and Security

Law enforcement and security are closely linked. Law enforcement agencies maintain security by investigating, apprehending criminals, and preventing crime. Security measures aid law enforcement by making it harder for criminals to commit offenses and protecting evidence.

The Judicial Branch of Government

The judicial branch oversees a country's court system, interpreting and applying laws in specific cases. It also has the authority to invalidate unconstitutional laws.

Functions of Judiciary

- Settles disputes involving legally enforceable rights.

- Determines if the government exceeds its jurisdiction or abuses discretion.

- Courts, tribunals, judges, and lawyers make up the judicial system, contributing to citizen trust, social peace, fair dispute resolution, rights protection, and justice.

Roles of Judiciary

- Interprets the Constitution and can invalidate treaties, executive orders, or legislative acts conflicting with the law.

- Exercises original jurisdiction over cases involving ambassadors and public ministers.

- Reviews appeals on life imprisonment and death sentences, disciplining lower court judges.

- Processes petitions for writs like certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus.