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What is personality psychology?
The study of characteristics that describe and explain consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving.
What does the term 'personality' imply?
It usually implies continuity or consistency in the individual.
What are the two key aspects of individuality in personality?
Stability and coherent individual differences.
What historical figure philosophized about basic human temperaments?
Hippocrates, as early as 400 B.C.
What did Aristotle postulate about the brain?
He suggested that the brain is the seat of the rational mind.
Who founded a controversial theory of personality in the early 1900s?
Sigmund Freud.
What is the Trait-Dispositional Level of analysis?
It identifies consistencies in basic expressions of personality as stable characteristics.
What does the Biological Level of analysis explore?
The biological bases of personality, including heredity, the brain, and evolution.
What does the Psychodynamic-Motivational Level focus on?
The motivations, conflicts, and defenses, often unconscious, that underlie aspects of personality.
What is analyzed in the Behavioral-Conditioning Level?
Specific behavior patterns that characterize individuals and the conditions regulating their occurrence.
What does the Phenomenological-Humanistic Level emphasize?
The inner experiences of the person and their interpretation of the world.
What does the Social Cognitive Level focus on?
Distinctive patterns of thoughts, expectations, beliefs, goals, values, emotional reactions, and self-regulatory efforts.
How do the different levels of analysis contribute to understanding personality?
Each level provides concepts and strategies for seeking information about people and for changing maladaptive behavior.
What are common applications of personality theories?
Addressing issues like depression, anxiety, impulse control, and poor health.
What is the oldest method for studying personality?
Interviews.
What are projective measures in personality assessment?
Techniques that present ambiguous stimuli to assessors, allowing for open-ended responses.
What is remote behavior sampling?
A method where respondents record their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors at random times throughout the day.
What does fMRI measure?
The magnetic fields created by functioning nerve cells in the brain.
What does EEG measure?
The electrical activity in the brain, inferred from brain waves.
What is the significance of correlation in personality research?
It indicates the relationship between variables, but does not imply causation.
What is the range of correlation coefficients?
They can range from -1.00 to +1.00, indicating the strength and direction of a relationship.
What is operationalization in research?
The process of translating constructs into observable and measurable terms.
What is the purpose of memory tasks in personality studies?
To examine the types of mistakes people make in remembering.
What is the role of naturalistic observation in personality research?
To observe behavior as it naturally occurs, often using one-way mirrors.
What are some physiological measures used in personality assessment?
Includes measures like galvanic skin response, blood pressure changes, and muscular activity.
What does the term 'external validity' refer to?
The extent to which findings from a study can be generalized to real-life situations.
What is the significance of interrater reliability?
It measures the consistency of scores between different raters.
What is the difference between reliability and validity in research?
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure, while validity refers to the accuracy of a measure in assessing what it is intended to measure.
What does temporal reliability indicate?
Temporal reliability indicates the consistency of test results when the same test is administered to the same group on two different occasions.
What is internal consistency in research?
Internal consistency refers to the correlation between different parts of a single test or measure.
What is the role of the experimental group in research?
The experimental group is the cohort that receives the manipulated condition in an experiment.
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
The control group is not subjected to the independent variable and serves as a baseline for comparison.
Define independent variable (IV) in research.
The independent variable is the condition that is manipulated by the experimenter.
Define dependent variable (DV) in research.
The dependent variable is the behavior or outcome that is measured in response to the independent variable.
What is required by the APA regarding consent forms?
Participants must provide informed consent and cannot be placed in jeopardy without it.
What must researchers do if deception is used in a study?
Participants must be fully debriefed after the experiment.
What special protections are required for vulnerable subjects in research?
Additional protections are required for children, seriously disturbed mental patients, and prisoners.
What is the significance of the Big Five personality traits?
The Big Five traits—openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism—are stable dimensions that can predict important life outcomes.
What are the four temperaments identified by Hippocrates?
Choleric (irritable), melancholic (depressed), sanguine (optimistic), and phlegmatic (calm, listless).
What distinguishes introverts from extraverts?
Introverts tend to be shy and prefer solitude, while extraverts are sociable and outgoing.
What characterizes Type A personalities?
Type A personalities are competitive, aggressive, and have a heightened sense of time urgency.
What is the main assumption of trait theories?
Traits are inferred from behavior, quantifiable, and stable across situations.
Who are the three main trait theorists mentioned?
Gordon Allport, Raymond B. Cattell, and Hans J. Eysenck.
What is the difference between surface traits and source traits according to Cattell?
Surface traits are observable behaviors, while source traits are underlying characteristics that drive behavior.
What are the dimensions of personality according to Eysenck?
Eysenck identified introversion-extraversion and emotional stability (neuroticism) as major dimensions of personality.
What is the significance of the 'multiple-act criterion' in personality assessment?
It aggregates multiple behaviors relevant to a trait to increase the reliability of personality inventories.
What is the psycholexical approach in personality psychology?
It examines how well everyday language terms describe traits and personalities.
How do the Big Five traits relate to life outcomes?
Certain traits predict outcomes such as academic achievement, longevity, and interpersonal attitudes.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to attribute behavior to personality traits rather than situational factors.
What is the personality paradox?
The observation that people expect consistency in behavior across situations, but actual behavior shows variability.
What does situationism suggest about personality?
Situationism posits that situational factors are more influential than personality traits in determining behavior.
What are state and trait anxiety?
State anxiety refers to temporary feelings of anxiety, while trait anxiety refers to a stable tendency to experience anxiety.
What are signatures of personality?
Consistent behaviors exhibited by individuals across distinct situations.
What is Type 1 consistency in behavior?
Average overall levels of behavioral tendencies, such as average aggressiveness.
What is Type 2 consistency in behavior?
If...then... signatures of personality, indicating specific responses to situations.
What does interactionism suggest about behavior?
Behavior is a product of dynamic interactions between personality and situations.
What is the triple typology in personality?
A categorization of types of people, behavior, and situations.
How do individuals perceive their behavioral consistency?
Those who see themselves as highly consistent have more stable if...then... behavior signatures.
What is the biological level of personality?
It explores the genetic basis of personality traits and behaviors.
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, made up of nucleotides, which encodes genetic information.
What are alleles?
Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome.
What is genetic polymorphism?
Common genetic variations observed in at least 1% of the population.
What is the role of behavior genetics?
Investigates the influence of genetics and environment on behavior and personality.
What is the difference between MZ and DZ twins?
MZ twins share 100% of their DNA, while DZ twins share about 50%.
What are temperaments?
Traits visible in early childhood influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
What does GxE research investigate?
The interaction between genetic and environmental factors on behavior and personality.
What is the significance of the serotonin transporter gene in depression?
Certain polymorphisms interact with stressful life events to influence depression risk.
What is the Ascending Reticular Activation System (ARAS)?
A brain system that regulates attention, arousal, and sleep-wake cycles.
How do extraverts and introverts differ in arousal levels?
Extraverts require more stimulation to activate ARAS, while introverts become overstimulated easily.
What is the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?
A neurological system that causes individuals to withdraw from undesirable stimuli.
What is the Behavioral Activation System (BAS)?
A system that directs individuals toward desirable goals or incentives.
What is sensation-seeking?
The tendency to seek out varied, novel, complex, and intense experiences.
What is the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)?
An assessment tool measuring sensation-seeking traits, including thrill-seeking and boredom susceptibility.
How does Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) relate to neurotransmitters?
MAO regulates neurotransmitter levels by breaking them down after use.
What is the relationship between stress and hippocampus size?
Sustained stress can decrease hippocampus size, affecting memory and learning.
What is the impact of genetic factors on environmental exposure?
Certain genetic factors may predispose individuals to seek out specific environments.
What is the optimal level of arousal (OLA)?
The arousal level most appropriate for performing tasks effectively.