Chapter 14: Injury and Illness

Moderate pain

________ can be treated by combining a mild opioid with aspirin or an NSAID.

Antiepileptic agents

________: used for treating epilepsy but are also used to treat neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia.

Viral Tat a protein

________ released by HIV- infected cells that is suspected of neurotoxicity.

Acetaminophen

________: has analgesic properties but does not reduce inflammation.

Immunotherapy

________: using the bodys own immune system against the tumor.

level of recovery

The ________ depends a lot on whether the tasks are practiced after injury.

Decompressive craniectomy

________: removal of part of the skull to allow the brain space to swell.

Chemotherapy

________ destroys tumor cells that remain after surgery and radiation.

Gliomas

________: brain and spinal cord tumors originating in and comprised of cancerous glial cells.

Life prolonging drugs

________ make HIV a chronic illness instead of a death sentence in the US.

Anti angiogenic therapy

________: restricting the tumors blood supply.

Steroids

________ may be effective in shortening attacks.

HAND

________ may be related to secreted viral products or cytokines.

Seizures

________: occur due to sudden, disorderly changes in interconnected brain neurons.

growth factors

Administering ________ may further enhance the benefits of stem cell transplantation.

Opioids

________ have a high potential for abuse.

Placebos

________ and hypnosis can significantly reduce pain.

Radiation

________ can be used to stop a tumors growth or cause it to shrink.

Nociceptors

________: peripheral nerve fibers that initially respond to an injury stimulus.

CART

________ (combination antiretroviral treatment): a cocktail of 3+ drugs that are meant to work against HIV.

Chlorotoxin

________: a scorpion- derived toxin that can interfere with the spread of tumor.

spinal cord injuries

Traumatic brain & ________ can lead to significant disabilities and death.

spinal cord

Injecting morphine into the ________ produced large pain control in animal tests.

Rogesterone

Administering ________ cut the number of deaths in severely injured patients by 50 %.

Virus

________ triggers sensory neuropathy by releasing neurotoxins.

Antidepressants

________: used for treating depression, chronic, and neuropathic pain.

tumor

The expanding ________ can increase the pressure in the skull.

Opioid receptors

________ are concentrated in the spinal cord.

Stroke

________: occurs when a blood vessel bringing oxygen and nutrients bursts or is clogged by a blood clot or some other particle.

Surgery

________ is an option for patients with specific partial seizures who dont respond to antiepileptic drugs.

Partial epilepsies

________ are harder to treat.

effects of stroke

The ________ are location- dependent.

HIV

________ is the prime mover in HAND.

Nonopioids

________: aspirin and NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs)

TPA

________ (tissue plasminogen activator): opens blocked vessels rapidly to restore circulation before oxygen loss causes permanent damage.

NSAIDs

________ are useful for treating mild to moderate pain, arthritis, and post- operative pain.

Antiretroviral treatment

________ may prevent or reverse the condition in many patients.

Pain

________ is in the brain, not in nociceptors that respond to injury.

active CART

Highly ________ is effective in reducing the incidence of severe HAND.

Early imaging

________ is beneficial because tumors can be identified at a lower grade.

Caucasians

________ are more susceptible to Multiple Sclerosis than other races.

Vaccines

________ made from the tumor with things that boost the immune system or kill tumor cells.

Antiepileptic

________ and antidepressants are useful for treating neuropathic pain coming from injury to the nervous system.

Secondary pathogenesis

________: damage that occurs after the initial injury.

MS

________ can affect many other brain areas, including white matter and grey matter.

Epidemiologists

________ are looking into tumor genetics and patients lifestyles, environments, occupations, medical histories.

Capsaicin

________ is the pungent chemical responsible for spice in hot peppers.

Local anesthesia

________: loss of sensation in a limited area.

Multiple Sclerosis

________ (MS): Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath covering the axons of neurons in the Central Nervous System.

Neural stem cells

________ can help recovery even if administered several days after the injury.

Primary brain tumors

Tumors that begin in brain tissue but don't spread to other tissues.

Malignant brain tumors

Harmful tumors that can originate from the brain or spread to the brain.

Grade

The severity of a tumor.

Gliomas

Brain and spinal cord tumors originating in and comprised of cancerous glial cells.

Monoclonal antibodies

Antibodies produced by clones of a single cell.

Anti-angiogenic therapy

A way to combat cancer by restricting the tumor's blood supply.

Immunotherapy

A therapy using the body's own immune system against the tumor.

Gene therapy

A therapy delivering bioengineered genes to tumor cells to kill them.

Chlorotoxin

A scorpion-derived toxin that can interfere with the spread of a tumor.

Epidemiologists

Scientists who study disease in human populations.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath covering the axons of neurons in the Central Nervous System.

Lesions/plaques

Areas of disease activity appearing in multiple places in the Central Nervous System.

White matter

Areas comprised of myelinated nerve fibers.

Grey matter

Areas rich in neuron cell bodies and dendrites.

Progressive MS

Ongoing nerve fiber degeneration causes the symptoms to become permanent and gradually worsen.

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

Advanced HIV infection.

HAND

HIV associated neurocognitive disorder.

CART (combination antiretroviral treatment)

A cocktail of 3+ drugs that are meant to work against HIV.

Cytokines

Cell-coded immune signaling molecules.

Peripheral neuropathy

Nerve injury in the extremities that results in the disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves.

Secondary pathogenesis

The damage that occurs after the initial injury.

Decompressive craniectomy

The removal of part of the skull to give the brain space to swell.

Methylprednisolone

The only FDA-approved treatment for spinal cord injury.

Local anesthesia

The loss of sensation in a limited area.

Analgesia

The loss of pain sensation.

Antiepileptic agents

Drugs that are used for treating epilepsy but are also used to treat neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia.

Antidepressants

Drugs that are used for treating depression, chronic, and neuropathic pain.

Acetaminophen

A drug that has analgesic properties but does not reduce inflammation.

Nociceptors

Peripheral nerve fibers that initially respond to an injury stimulus.

Seizures

Occur due to sudden, disorderly changes in interconnected brain neurons.

Epilepsy

A chronic neurological disorder characterized by the occurrence of unprovoked seizures.

Idiopathic epilepsies

Epilepsies arising from uncertain or unknown cause.

Symptomatic epilepsies

Epilepsies with a known or presumed cause.

Generalized epilepsy

A disorder characterized by the loss of consciousness and range of behavioral changes including convulsions and sudden changes in muscle tone

Partial epilepsy

A disorder where the individual maintains consciousness or has altered awareness and behavioral changes.

Electrical stimulation therapy

An implanted device delivers small bursts of electrical energy to the brain via the vagus nerve on the side of the neck.

Stroke

Occurs when a blood vessel bringing oxygen and nutrients bursts or is clogged by a blood clot or some other particle.

tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

A molecule that opens blocked vessels rapidly to restore circulation before oxygen loss causes permanent damage.