CH.8 JOINTS (ANATOMY)

Articulation

joint

Joints are classified based on:

Function (range of motion) and structure (makeup of the joint)

Joints can be classified based on their range of....

Motion (function)

Synarthrosis

immovable joint

Synarthrosis joints are found where?

Bones of the skull

Amphiarthrosis joints

slightly movable joint

Amphiarthrosis joints are found where in the body?

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Synovial (diarthrosis) joints

freely movable joint

Synovial (diarthrosis) joints are found where in the body?

Ends of long bones

(Shoulder, Knee, Hip, Elbow, Wrist, Ankle, Fingers and toes)

Synovial joint

Monaxial

movement in one plane

Biaxial

movement in two planes

Triaxial

movement in three planes

What are the 6 characteristics of synovial joints?

-Articular cartilage

-Joint (synovial) cavity

-Articular capsule

-Synovial fluid

-Reinforcing ligaments

-Nerves and blood vessels

Articular cartilage

Smooth cartilage covers the ends of bones to reduce friction and absorb shock.

Joint (synovial) cavity

A space between bones that contains synovial fluid

Articular capsule

A double-layered capsule enclosing the joint

Synovial fluid

Lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage.

Reinforcing ligaments

Strengthen and support the joint.

Nerves and blood vessels

Help with joint movement, pain sensing, and nourishment.

Menisci (articular discs)

fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee

Fat Pads

Packing material for joint, fill spaces when bones move

Synovial tendon sheaths

surround tendons where they pass over bone to reduce friction or pressure

Bursae

small, fluid filled pockets of connective tissue

CIRCUMDUCTIONLinear Movements

two bones gliding past each other

Where do Linear Movements occur?

- Carpal/carpal

- Tarsal/tarsal

- Clavicle/sternum

Angular Movements

- Abduction/adduction

- Flexion/extension

Abduction

Movement away from the longitudinal axis of the bodyin the frontal plane.

Adduction

The opposite motion—moving it back to center

TRUE OR FALSE

Abduction and adduction always refer to movements of the appendicular skeleton.

True

1 multiple choice option

Flexion

Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between the bones of the joint

Extension

In the same plane, but it increases the angle between the bones of the joint.

Hyperextension

a limb is extended beyond its normal limits

Circumduction

Moving the arm in a circle

What is an example of circumduction?

when drawing a large circle on a chalkboard in one continuous motion.

What are the 3 types of rotation?

- Internal/Medial Rotation

- External/ Lateral Rotation

- Left or Right Rotation

Internal/Medial Rotation

anterior surface of the limb rotates inward, toward the anterior surface of the body.

External/ Lateral Rotation

rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body

Left or Right Rotation

rotation of head

Supination

movement that turns the palm up

Eversion & Inversion

moving the sole of the foot outward or inward

Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion

up and down movement of the foot

Lateral Flexion

Side-bending left or right

Protraction & Retraction

anterior to posterior movement of scapula or mandible

Eversion

motion of the foot that turns the sole outward.

Inversion

The opposite movement (turning the sole inward.)

Dorsiflexion

Elevates the distal portion of the foot and the toes

Dorsiflexion example

walking on heels

Plantar Flexion

elevates the heel and the proximal portion of the foot

Plantar Flexion example

standing on tiptoe

Lateral Flexion

vertebral column bends to the side.

Protraction

Moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane

Retraction

moving a part backward

Opposition

pad-to-pad contact of the thumb with the palm or any other finger.

Reposition

the opposite movement that returns the thumb and fingers to their normal position.

Rotational Movements are...

Pronation/supination

Circumduction Movements are...

Moving the joint in a circular manner

Inversion/eversion involves

ankles

Dorsiflexion involves

ankles

Plantar flexion involves

tippy toes

Lateral flexion involves

the spine

Protraction/retraction involves

temporomandibular joint and shoulders

Depression/elevation involves

shoulder moving up and down

Ball-and-socket joint

hip and shoulder joints

Hinge joint

elbow and knee

Pivot joint

the joint at C1 and C2

Saddle joint

carpometacarpal joint

Ellipsoid joint

metacarpophalangeal joint

Gliding joint

clavicle and manubrium