AP Comp Gov terms check 10/11

due process

gov't must follow legal procedures and rights (procedural = following correct legal procedure; substantive = whether the meaning of the law violates a basic right to life, liberty, or property)

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Incorporated the 2nd amendment right to bear arms to the states through the 14th amendment's due process clause

Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

Reconstruction amendment; citizenship to all born or naturalized in the U.S., prohibits states from denying due process or equal protection

selective incorporation

How the Supreme Court applies specific Bill of Rights protections to states via the Due Process clause in the 14th amendment (bill of rights originally only protects from federal gov't)

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Guaranteed the right to an attorney for defendants who cannot afford one in state courts (FL - death penalty law)

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Required police to inform suspects of their rights before interrogation (origin of Miranda rights)

procedural due process

Government must follow fair and established legal procedures before depriving life, liberty, or property

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Extended the right to privacy to a woman's decision to have an abortion

substantive due process

Doctrine that protects certain fundamental rights from government interference even with fair procedures

right to privacy

Implied constitutional right protecting personal decisions and relationships from government intrusion; relevant to Roe v Wade and its overturning)

"don't ask, don't tell" (1994)

Military policy allowing LGBTQ service if individuals did not openly disclose their sexuality

equal protection clause

Fourteenth Amendment provision requiring states to treat individuals equally under the law

Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

Abolished slavery in the United States

Fifteenth Amendment (1870)

Prohibits denying voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

Granted women the right to vote

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Legalized same-sex marriage nationwide under the Fourteenth Amendment

strict scrutiny

Highest level of judicial review requiring a compelling state interest for laws affecting fundamental rights or suspect classifications

"Letter from a Birmingham Jail"

Martin Luther King's defense of civil disobedience against unjust laws

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Outlawed discriminatory voting practices like literacy tests and required federal oversight

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine

"separate but equal"

Doctrine justifying racial segregation if facilities were equal

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Jim Crow laws

State laws enforcing racial segregation in the South