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Human Physio Homeostasis and Endocrine System
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Physiology
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30 Terms
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stimulus -> sensor/receptor -> afferent pathway -> integrating pathway -> efferent pathway -> target/effector -> response
Components of control pathway
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Negative feedback
The response counteracts with the stimulus, shutting off the response loop
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Negative feedback regulation
Increase or decrease in the variable being regulated brings a response that changes variable in the opposite direction to that of the original change.
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Positive feedback
The response reinforces the stimulus, sending the variable further from the set point
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Positive feedback regulation
The response of system goes in the same direction as changes that sets in motion
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Peptide/protein hormones
_______ composed of linked amino acids
_______ are lipophobic, so only able to enter target cells through receptors
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peptide/protein hormones' mechanism of action
membrane receptors, signal transduction system
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Steroid hormones
All ________ are derived from cholesterol
_______ controls gene expression
_______ synthesised in smooth ER and on demand and released immediately
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Lipophilic
Steroid hormones are _______ as they are derived from cholesterol
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diffuse
Lipid-soluble hormones _____ across plasma membrane
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receptor-hormone complex
Hormone binds with receptor in cytoplasm, forming ______
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nucleus, gene transcription
Receptor-hormone complex enters the ____, triggering _____
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proteins
Transcribed mRNA is translated into _______ that alter cell activity
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Amino-acid derived hormones
________ are modifications of single amino acids and some are lipophilic
________ are created from either tyrosine or tryptophan
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Thyroid hormones
______ affects gene transcription
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Catecholamine or Peptide/protein hormones
______ binds to membrane receptors
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Hormones
________ enter bloodstream and distribute to target cells.
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GRRB (growth, regulation, reproduction & behaviour)
Functions of endocrine system
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anterior pituitary
The _________ either stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones.
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anterior pituitary
In response to releasing the hormones, the ________ secretes hormones into the secondary capillary plexus.
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Hypothalamus
_____ is the master regulatory organ
_____ integrates nervous and endocrine system
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control secretion
Hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones to ____________ from anterior pituitary
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endocrine
Hypothalamus acts as ____ gland
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neural
Hypothalamus has autonomic centers for _____ control of adrenal medulla
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Hypothalamic neurons
________ synthesise hormones.
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Humoral
in response to levels of ions or nutrients in the blood
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Neural
stimulation by nerve fibres (very fast)
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Hormonal
stimulation received from other hormones
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Hyposecretion
too little hormone is secreted
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Hypersecretion
too much hormone is secreted