EOSC 114 Mod 1 Glossary
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Fragile Systems
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34 Terms
natural hazard
a naturally occurring process or event that has the potential to harm people, property, or the environment
natural disaster
a hazardous natural event that causes significant impacts to people or society
risk
the likelihood and/or expected consequences of harmful outcomes from a hazard
hazard
a process or event that has the potential to cause harm
frequency
how often an event occurs
return period
the average amount of time between events of a particular size or intensity
intensity
a measure of how strong or severe a particular event is at a location
magnitude
a measure of the size or energy of an event
order of magnitude
a factor of about 10 used to describe differences in scale
logarithmic scale
a scale in which equal distances represent multiplication by a constant factor rather than addition by a constant amount
density
mass per unit volume
stratification
the arrangement of materials into layers according to differences in density
mass
the amount of matter in an object
volume
the amount of space occupied by an object
force
a push or pull that can change an object's motion
work
the transfer of energy that occurs when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force
energy
the capacity to do work or cause change
potential energy
stored energy associated with an object's position or condition
kinetic energy
energy associated with motion
gravitational potential energy
stored energy associated with an object's position in a gravitational field
conservation of energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed, although it can be transferred or transformed
latent heat
energy absorbed or released during a change of state without changing temperature
specific heat
the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a given amount of a substance
temperature
a measure related to the average kinetic energy of particles
pressure
force exerted per unit area
buoyancy
the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in it
fluid
a substance that can flow, including liquids and gases
fresh water
water with relatively low concentrations of dissolved salts
ocean water
water containing dissolved salts and therefore generally denser than fresh water
atmosphere
the layer of gases surrounding Earth
hydrosphere
Earth's water system
lithosphere
Earth's rigid outer layer, including the crust and uppermost mantle
biosphere
the part of Earth where life exists
Earth system
the interconnected system of Earth's major components, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere