General Biology 2: Enzymes

(12-03-2025)

Enzymes

-are biological catalyst.

-It controls the rate of metabolic reactions

-do not start reactions.

-It only allows reactions to proceed at a faster rate.

-Lowering Activation Energy

-Active Site and Specificity

-Catalysis Process

-Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity

How do Enzymes work?

-Digestion

-Metabolism

-DNA Replication

-Detoxification

-Growth and repair

Why Are Enzymes Important in Living Things?

Temperature, pH, Concentration of enzyme, and substrate

4 Factors that affect enzyme function:

Beverages, Food Products, and Drug Action

Examples of Enzymes:

Photoperiodism

a plant’s response to the length of day and night.

Short-day, long-day, and day-neutral plants

3 Types of Plants Based on Photoperiodism

Short-day plants

Flower when nights are long

Long-day plants

Flower when nights are short

Day-neutral plants

Not affected by day length

Phototropism

a plant’s growth response toward or away from light.

Positive and Negative Phototropism

2 Types of Phototropism

Positive Phototropism

Growth toward light

Negative Phototropism

Growth away from light

Hibernation

a long period of deep sleep-like inactivity that some animals enter during winter.

Migration

is the seasonal movement of animals from one region to another, usually to find better living conditions.

Taxis

a directional movement of an organism toward or away from a stimulus.

Phototaxis, Chemotaxis, Geotaxis, and Thermotaxis

4 Types of Taxis

Phototaxis

Taxis by movement in response to light

Chemotaxis

Taxis by movement in response to chemicals

Geotaxis

Taxis by movement in response to gravity

Thermotaxis

Taxis by movement in response to temperature

Kinesis

a non-directional movement where the speed or rate of activity changes depending on the intensity of the stimulus.

Orthokinesis and klinokinesis

2 types of kinesis

Orthokinesis

change in the speed of movement

Klinokinesis

change in the rate of turning

Shivering

To increase body temperature when it is too low (cold environment).

Sweating

To lower body temperature when it is too high (hot environment or during exercise)