UWF EDF 6225 Exam 2

What is positive reinforcement?

the addition or presentation of a stimulus that results in an increase in future behavior

How do we confirm a stimulus serves as reinforcement?

There is data to show the behavior increased.

Where does reinforcement fall in the 3 term contingency?

consequence

When should reinforcement be delivered?

IMMEDIATELY

Why should reinforcement be delivered immediately?

You don't want to allow enough time for another behavior to occur & potentially reinforce the wrong behavior.

What is a discriminative stimulus?

a stimulus that signals that reinforcement will be available

What is an S-Delta?

Stimulus that lets you know a behavior will NOT be reinforced, tells you reinforcement is not available.

A reinforcer only functions as reinforcement if the data shows the behavior occurred _______ in the future.

more

What is an establishing operation?

A motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of some stimulus. Ex: deprivation

What is an abolishing operation?

A motivating operation that decreases the current effectiveness of some stimuli. Ex: satiation

What is a motivating operation?

An environmental event that alters the EFFECTIVENESS of a reinforcer

What is rule-governed behavior?

Delayed consequences that influence behavior. It's a contingency that's not immediate but it still influences behavior. Ex: working for a biweekly paycheck

What are some indicators of rule governed behavior?

- no immediate consequence

-response to consequence delay >30secs.

-behavior increases w/o reinforcement

-large increase in behavior following 1 instance of reinforcement

What is superstitious behavior?

it occurs when reinforcement "accidentally" follows a behavior when the behavior did not actually provide the reinforcement. ex: lucky socks

What is automatic reinforcement?

When the behavior itself provides the reinforcement. ex: pen tapping, hair twirling, nail biting

What is an unconditioned reinforcer?

a reinforcer that requires no learning experience in order to be effective

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

A stimulus that was initially neutral but became a reinforcer through pairing with other stimulus.

What is a generalized conditioned reinforcer?

A reinforcer that has been paired with so many other stimuli that it is not affected by EO.

What is a free operant preference assessment?

All stimuli are available, there is no response requirement, no stimuli are removed from trial

What is a contrived free operant preference assessment?

The participant receives a sample of each stimulus prior to observation & during observation the engagement with each stimulus is timed and observed.

What is a naturalistic free operant preference assessment?

Takes place in an everyday environment, no prior sampling of stimuli, observe time & engagement with each stimulus

What is a single stimulus preference assessment?

items presented one at a time in random order

What is a paired stimulus preference assessment?

-client is presented with 2 items and must choose one

-all items are paired with each other

-preferences are ranked high, medium, low

What is a multiple stimulus preference assessment with replacement?

-3 or more items presented in an array

-when an item is selected it continues to appear in subsequent trials

What is a multiple stimulus preference assessment without replacement?

-3 or more items presented in an array -when an item is selected it is removed from the array for subsequent trials

-selections are made until all items have been chosen & then they are ranked

What is a reinforcer assessment?

measuring a stimuli's effectiveness as a reinforcer

What is a concurrent reinforcer assessment?

2 stimuli are paired against each other & data is compared to see which has the greatest increase in behavior

What is a multiple schedule reinforcer assessment?

2 or more schedules or reinforcement are in place with only one at a time being used. An SD will signal which schedule is in effect.

What is a progressive ratio?

Reinforcer preferences will change as response requirements increase

What is non contingent reinforcement?

It is an antecedent intervention where known reinforcers are delivered on a schedule independent of behavior.

What is DRO?

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior:

reinforcement delivered contingent on a problem behavior NOT occurring during an interval or specified moment

What is DRA?

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior:

place problem behavior on extinction while reinforcing more appropiate-alternative behavior

What is extinction?

A specific behavior has no access to reinforcement.

What is negative reinforcement?

removing stimulus to increase likelyhood of behavior occurring in the future

What is an escape contingency?

a response that terminates an ongoing stimulus

What is an avoidance contingency?

a response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus

What is an error correction strategy?

a task is repeated until it is completed correctly

What are the 2 behavior replacement strategies?

differential reinforcement & differential positive reinforcement

What is differential reinforcement?

teaching other methods for escape/avoidance ex: offering a break card to a student

What is differential positive reinforcement?

offering reinforcement for completing tasks or remaining in the environment

What is positive punishment?

adding a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior happening in the future

What is negative punishment?

removal of a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future

What is recovery from punishment?

Stopping the punishment or penalty contingency for a previously punished response causes the response frequency to increase to its rate before the punishment or penalty contingency

When should punishment occur?

immediately following response

More intense punishment results in?

more response suppression, less likely to access reinforcement- most effective

When a punishment procedure is in place there can be no ________ for the target behavior?

reinforcement

What is behavioral contrast?

A change in the reinforcement schedule of one setting causes a behavior to have the opposite effect in other settings. For example, kiddo normally eats cookies with grandma. Grandma starts punishing eating cookies, so his cookie eating decreases with grandma but increases at home.

What is a reprimand?

a verbal or sound punisher

What is response blocking?

intervening as soon as the behavior starts to prevent the completion of the response

What is RIRD?

Response Interruption & Redirection:

interrupting stereotypic behavior & redirecting the individual to do a high-p behavior instead

What is contingent excercise?

participant is required to do a response not topographically related to the behavior

ex: running 5 laps for forgetting gym clothes

What is overcorrection?

participant is required to do a response topographically related to the behavior

What is restitutional overcorrection?

Client must restore the environment to an even better state than before the behavior occurred.

What is positive practice overcorrection?

required to repeatedly perform the correct form of the behavior

What is time out from positive reinforcement?

the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period contingent on the problem behavior

What is non exclusion time out?

participant is not completely removed from the time in setting

What is planned ignoring?

The opportunity to earn social reinforcers is removed for a set duration of time.

What is termination of specific reinforcer contact?

each occurrence of target behavior immediately stops an activity or sensory reinforcer

ex: taking ipad for swearing

What is contingent observation?

repositioned to observe activities but access to reinforcers is lost

What is a partition/select space time out?

remaining in the setting but restricted to a panel/cubicle/corner

What is exclusion time out?

removed from time-in environment for a specified period

What is a time out room?

confined area devoid of positive reinforcers

What is Hallway Time-Out?

student goes into the hallway until time out period expires

Time in settings must be?

reinforcing

What is response cost?

loss of a specified amount of reinforcement

What are methods of response cost?

-fines

-bonus response cost

-combined w/ positive reinforcement

-combined w/ group consequences

What is a schedule of reinforcement?

when and how often the reinforcement occurs

What is CRF?

Continuous reinforcement, where each response is reinforced

What is intermittent reinforcement?

reinforcing only some responses

Why use intermittent reinforcement?

-to maintain behaviors after treatment ends

-to progress naturally occurring reintegration

What is a ratio schedule?

reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs

What is an interval schedule??

involves the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is reinforced

How does the client have control in a ratio schedule?

They get to choose how many times they want to respond in order to receive reinforcement

What is a fixed schedule?

Reinforcement is consistent with each response

What is a variable schedule?

Reinforcement is provided at different rates or at different times

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

reinforcement is given based on a fixed number of responses

What is the consistency of a fixed ratio schedule?

little hesitation in initial responses but there is a post reinforcement pause

What is a post reinforcement pause?

The absence of responding for a short period after reinforcement is delivered in a FR or FI schedule.

What is post reinforcement pause influenced by?

size of ratio & reinforcement magnitude

High ratio =

high rate of response

What is a variable ratio schedule?

reinforcement is given based on an average number of responses

What is the consistency in a variable ratio schedule?

consistent & steady, little to no post reinforcement pause

What is the rate of response in a variable ratio schedule?

quick

What is a fixed interval schedule?

reinforcement is given based on the first response given after a fixed amount of time has passed

What is the consistency of a fixed interval schedule?

post reinforcement pause then accelerating rate towards the end of the interval

What is FI scallop?

how the acceleration at the end of a fixed interval looks on a graph

What is the rate of response for a fixed interval schedule?

slow to moderate

What is a variable interval schedule?

reinforcement is given based on the first response given after an average amount of time has passed

What is the consistency of a variable interval schedule?

constant & stable

What is the rate of response in a variable interval schedule?

low to moderate

What is a limited hold?

reinforcement is only available for a finite period following elapse of a FI or VI interval

What is schedule thinning?

Slowly decreasing the amount of reinforcement provided for a behavior by increasing response ratio or duration of interval

What is ratio strain?

a disruption in responding due to an overly demanding response requirement

What is DRH?

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Behavior occurs when the delivery of reinforcement is contingent on responses occurring at higher than a pre-determined criterion. DRH schedules produce high rates of responding and shorter interval times.

What is DRL?

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates: reinforcement for responses lower than a predetermined criterion

What durations can DRH & DRL be used in?

intervals or full session

What is a DRD?

Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates:

provides reinforcement at the end of a predetermined interval when the # of responses is less than a criterion, it is gradually decreased across intervals based on individual performance

What are progressive schedules of reinforcement?!

they systematically thin each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of participants behavior

What do you have to look out for with progressive schedules?

ratio strain

What is a compound schedule of reinforcement?

The combination of 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement that can occur successively or simultaneously, with or without SD