AP HUG Chapter 5

Identities are marketed through…

sports, clothing, and equipment, cars, luxury goods, club memberships, jewelry, and fundraising campaigns

What do marketing identities give us the impression of?

that identity can be bought

identity

how we make sense of ourselves

fluid and constantly changing

We contract identity through…

experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections

identify against

define the ‘other’ and then define ourselves in opposite terms

gender

a culture’s assumptions about the differences between men & women

society creates _____ in which we put people & expect them to live

boxes

Because of boxes, society can…

assign entire professions or tasks to member of certain categories

race

a social construct of differences among people based on skin color

colonial racism

generalizing a principle of innate, inherited superiority above humans in colonies

What are racial distinctions a product of?

cultural historic structures of power & local political developments

People have constructed racial categories to…

justify power, economic exploitation, & cultural oppression

Race is often…

assigned

Governments can create…

racial classes and institutionalize them and change them

residential segregation

the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another within an area

5 Measurements of Residential Segregation

1. evenness

2. exposure

3. concentrated

4. centralized

5. clustered

3 Roots of Residential Segregation in the US

1. money

2. preferences

3. discrimination

Evenness Residential Segregation

minority members that are distributed so that they are over-represented in some areas and under-represented in others

Exposure Residential Segregation

minority members that are distributed so that their exposure to majority members is limited by rarely sharing a neighborhood with them

Concentrated Residential Segregation

minority members that are spatially together within a very small area, occupying less physical space than the majority members

Centralized Residential Segregation

minority members that are congregating around the urban core, and occupying a more central location than the majority

Clustered Residential Segregation

minority members that are tightly together to form one large contiguous enclave or be scattered widely around the urban area.

Money root of Residential Segregation

leads to residential segregation when only people with certain income levels can afford to live in a neighborhood

Preferences root of Residential Segregation

means that people may choose to live in a neighborhood with a certain racial composition

Discrimination root of Residential Segregation

when real estate agents and community leaders may consciously or subconsciously direct people to their “own” neighborhoods

The stages of searching for a residence

1. pre-stage- your activity and social network (whats familiar to you)

2. stage 1- you use shortcuts of what you already know to choose your community

3. stage 2- look for specific attributes (cost & configuration)

Residential segregation effects…

educational quality & occupational opportunity

The different scales of identity

1. individual- daughter

2. local- member of a community

3. regional- southerners

4. national- american

5. global- educated/free

succession

a number of people of things sharing a specified characteristic & following one after the other

What does the idea of ethnicity as an identity stem from?

the nation that people are closely bounded

ethnic

mean people or nation

Ethnic identity is greatly affected by..

scale & place

What are racial conflicts rooted in?

perceptions or distinctiveness based on differences

Ethnic conflicts are…

when a racial distinction can not be easily made

The use of space is powerful in…

defining a place as belonging to a people

space

social relations stretched out

place

particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together overtime, in that particular location

Part of the social relations of a place are…

embedded assumptions about ethnicity, gender, and sexuality

Assumptions dictate...

expectations about what certain groups ‘should’ & “should not” do socially, economically, politically, &domestically

Assumptions create…

barriers to equality

structures of power

assumptions & relationships dictating who is in control & who has power over others

What do structures of power affect?

identities directly, cultural landscapes, the identity of a place and its culture, distribution of people, which populations are vulnerable to disease, death, injury, or famine

Cultures decide…

sexual norms

intersexuality

the overlap between social groups (race, gender, class, or sexuality)

formal economy

economy productivity in agriculture, mining, industry, & services that are taxed by the government

informal economy

portion of the economy that is not taxed/regulated by the government

To provide for their family, women engage in private, often home-based activities like

tailoring, brewing making food products, and soap

What can spatial analysis of a disease reveal?

what populations are most vulnerable in a country

Migration flows, birth rates, and child mortality rates affect…

the gender composition of cities, states, and regions

Since the 1990s, women have lobbied for…

greater representation in governments in southern and eastern Africa

in African countries women tend to be..

treated less than their male counterparts

dowry

a price paid in cash and gifts by the bride’s family to the groom’s father

Doweries lead to…

a lot of domestic violence

1984 Family Courts Act

created a network of “family courts” to hear domestic cases

Why do female babies or fetuses face abortion or infanticide risks?

because of parents fear of dowries and the less social value on girls

When the economy is booming, residents are generally

more accepting to each other

When the economy is in a downturn, residents are generally

less accepting to each other and blame each other