Basics of Computer Hardware and Software (Video)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key hardware and software concepts from the lecture notes.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The 'brain' of the computer; executes instructions, performs arithmetic/logic operations, and controls other hardware components.

Memory

Component that stores data and instructions temporarily or permanently, depending on type.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Volatile memory that temporarily stores data and instructions the CPU needs; more RAM improves performance; data is lost when powered off.

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Non-volatile memory that permanently stores critical booting instructions; contains firmware/BIOS.

BIOS/UEFI

Firmware that initializes hardware, loads the OS, and checks bootable devices during startup.

Booting Up

Process of starting a computer from power-on through loading the operating system and preparing the user interface.

Permanent Storage

Non-volatile storage that retains data even when the computer is powered off.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Storage device that uses spinning magnetic disks to store OS, software, and data; slower access due to mechanical parts.

Solid-State Drive (SSD)

Storage device using flash memory; faster data access and quicker boot times than HDD.

Motherboard

Main circuit board that connects all computer components and enables communication.

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Converts electrical power from the outlet into usable power for internal components.

Input Devices

Devices used to input data into the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse, scanner).

Output Devices

Devices that output data from the computer (e.g., monitor, printer, speakers).

I/O Devices

Hardware that performs both input and output functions; can receive data from and send data to the computer.

Touchscreen

An input/output device that registers touch commands and displays visual information.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

I/O device that enables network connectivity; input: receives data; output: sends data.

External Hard Drive

External storage device; input: stores data; output: provides stored data back to the computer.

Modem

Device that enables internet connectivity; input: receives data from the internet; output: sends data to the internet.

Audio Headset with Microphone

Input: microphone captures voice; Output: speakers play sound from the computer.

Peripheral Devices

External devices that extend computer functionality (e.g., webcam, USB flash drive).

Hardware Components

Physical parts of a computer system (CPU, memory, storage, input/output devices, peripherals).

Software Components

Set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers; includes system software and application software.

System Software

Software that manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and serves as a platform for applications; includes OS, utilities, and firmware.

Operating System (OS)

System software that manages hardware resources, provides a UI, and runs applications.

Utility Programs

Software that performs maintenance tasks (e.g., disk cleanup, antivirus, file management).

Firmware

Permanent software embedded in hardware, providing low-level control of the device.

Application Software

Software designed to help users perform specific tasks (productivity, media, browsers, games).

Examples of Application Software

Productivity: Word, Excel, PowerPoint; Media: Photoshop, VLC; Web Browsers: Chrome, Firefox; Games: Minecraft, Candy Crush.

Booting Steps - Power On

Power button is pressed; PSU powers hardware components.

POST (Power-On Self-Test)

Diagnostic test that checks CPU, memory, and storage; beeps or error messages may halt boot.

BIOS/UEFI Initialization

Firmware initializes hardware and checks for bootable devices.

Bootloader Activation

BIOS/UEFI locates the bootloader on the bootable device and loads the OS.

Operating System Load

Bootloader loads the OS kernel into memory and loads essential drivers.

Kernel

Core part of the OS loaded into memory; manages core system tasks and services.

User Interface Initialization

OS loads GUI or CLI; login screen or desktop appears.

Ready for Use

After login, drivers and services are running; system ready for user commands.

Bootable Device

A storage device from which an OS can be booted (e.g., HDD, SSD, USB).