Skin - The Jack of all Trades

COLD WEATHER

IN ________: When the outside temperature is low, the blood vessels get narrowed (vasoconstriction)

Albinism

________ is a recessive trait caused due to inheritance; an albino couple would get all albino children.

Chemical reactions

________ occurring in all body cells, especially in the liver by the oxidation of glucose, generally produce heat.

Hot Weather

In ________: When the outside temperature is high or when a person is engaged in strenuous physical work, which means overproduction of heat within the body, the blood supply to the skin is increased by the dilation of blood vessels in the skin (vasodilation)

African negroes

________ have genetically dark- coloured skin, the Europeans light- coloured (whitish) and most.

temperature regulation

Since sweating from the skin occurs mainly for ________, we can not really consider the skin as an excretory organ.

nerve fibres

Hairs also provide a sensation of touch because ________ extend up to their bases.

mammals

All ________ including humans are warm- blooded (endothermal: body heat generated from inside); so also are birds.

vaporisation of water

Some heat is also lost during the ________ from the lungs.

Lungs

________: Heat is lost in the warm air which is breathed out.

stratum corneum

The cornified layer (________) is the outermost layer consisting of several piled- up layers of flattened dead cells.

Leucoderma

________: Skin pigmentation (melanin) is lost from smaller or larger patches at different regions of the body; the exact cause of this disease is not yet known.

Nails

________ are hardened keratinous plate- like structures which grow as dead cells from the ________ root, which lies below the skin at the base.

mammary glands

The activity of the ________ is related to the reproductive hormones (prolactin) and pregnancy.

Urine

________ and Faeces: These substances are eliminated at body temperature.

Pimples

________: Sebum accumulation, causes the growth of bacteria because it is nutritive, gets infected and results in the formation of boils and ________.

Ceruminous glands

________: These are modified sebaceous glands found in the auditory canal and secrete wax- like substances called cerumen or earwax which lubricate and protect the delicate eardrum from dust particles and germs.

Matrix

________: It lies just below the skin surface at the base of the nail.

sweat gland

Each ________ is a simple coiled tube consisting of a deeper secretory part and an excretory part which runs upwards to open on the surface.

Acne

________: Sebaceous glands get inflamed due to hormonal influence.

Air movements

________ over the body help speed up the evaporation of sweat; that is why the fans which do not cool the air of the room, have a cooling effect on our bodies.

cold beverages

Foods: Heat is also lost when cold food, water, or ________ are taken into the body.

malpighian layer

The ________ (stratum malpighi, also called the germinative layer) is the innermost region of the epidermis.

hides of animals

Leather obtained from the ________ is actually the dermis part of the skin.

normal temperature

When the body tends to cool below the ________, it switches on or speeds up the heat- producing process, and when the body tends to get overheated, it accelerates the cooling process and switches off the heat- producing processes.

invisible perspiration

Sweating (or perspiration) goes on at all times in minute quantities (incipient or ________), or sometimes in large quantities as during strenuous exercise or during hot and humid weather, when a person may lose as much as 1 kg per hour.

process of excretion

Excretion: The skin assists in the ________ (through sweating) eliminating water, salts, and, to a very limited extent, urea.

milk duct

Each ________ is continued inward in a branching manner to join a cluster of 15 to 20 lobes of the mammary glands.

Synthesis of Vitamin D

________: The skin can sparse vitamin D when exposed to sunshine.

evaporation of sweat

Skin: About 85 per cent of the body heat is lost through the skin by convection, conduction, radiation and through ________.

Plate

________: It is the hard and outer part of the nail.

dry weather

In cold and ________, the skin may become rough and leave a powdery surface when scratched; this is due to reduced secretion of oil from the sebaceous glands.

Meibomian glands

________: These are modified sebaceous glands which open on the margins of the eyelids.

human body temperature

The ________ is usually about 37 ‘ C (in the mouth), it is about 1°C higher in the rectum and about 1°C lower in the armpits.

humid weather

In hot and ________, the skin becomes extra oily due to increased secretion of sebum.

Albinism

________: Complete loss of pigmentation of the skin all over the body including hair, eyebrows, eyelashes and even the iris.

Temperature regulation

________: The skin prevents escaping of heat in cold weather and facilitates the loss of in hot weather.

Protection

Protection is the primary function of the skin

Sensation

Our skin serves as a sense organ for touch, pain, pressure, heat, etc

Temperature regulation

The skin prevents escaping of heat in cold weather and facilitates the loss of in hot weather

Storage of food

The skin stores reserve food in the form of a layer of fat contained in special cells

Excretion

The skin assists in the process of excretion (through sweating) eliminating water, salts, and, to a very limited extent, urea

Synthesis of Vitamin D

The skin can sparse vitamin D when exposed to sunshine

Leucoderma

Skin pigmentation (melanin) is lost from smaller or larger patches at different regions of the body; the exact cause of this disease is not yet known

Albinism

Complete loss of pigmentation of the skin all over the body including hair, eyebrows, eyelashes and even the iris

In this the hair is lifted called piloerection*,  (pile

* hair) and the surface of the skin presents a somewhat contracted and wrinkled appearance

Plate

It is the hard and outer part of the nail

Bed (root)

It lies below the nail plate

Matrix

It lies just below the skin surface at the base of the nail

Pimples

Sebum accumulation, causes the growth of bacteria because it is nutritive, gets infected and results in the formation of boils and pimples

Acne

Sebaceous glands get inflamed due to hormonal influence

Blackhead

Sebaceous glands of the face get enlarged due to accumulated sebum

Meibomian glands

These are modified sebaceous glands which open on the margins of the eyelids

Ceruminous glands

These are modified sebaceous glands found in the auditory canal and secrete wax-like substances called cerumen or earwax which lubricate and protect the delicate eardrum from dust particles and germs

All mammals including humans are warm-blooded (endothermal

body heat generated from inside); so also are birds

A suitable (optimum) temperature of 35°C

40°C is essential for normal body activities, especially for the action of enzymes

Skin

About 85 per cent of the body heat is lost through the skin by convection, conduction, radiation and through evaporation of sweat

Lungs

Heat is lost in the warm air which is breathed out

Urine and Faeces

These substances are eliminated at body temperature

Foods

Heat is also lost when cold food, water, or cold beverages are taken into the body

IN COLD WEATHER

When the outside temperature is low, the blood vessels get narrowed (vasoconstriction)

In Hot Weather

When the outside temperature is high or when a person is engaged in strenuous physical work, which means overproduction of heat within the body, the blood supply to the skin is increased by the dilation of blood vessels in the skin (vasodilation)