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Human Development
The science of understanding how and why people of all ages and circumstances change and remain the same over time.
Multidirectional
Human characteristics change in all directions, not just in one direction.
Multicontextual
Development occurs within different contexts, such as historical context, socioeconomic status, and culture.
Multicultural
Development is influenced by multiple cultures and cultural backgrounds.
Plastic
Development is moldable and durable, meaning it can be shaped and changed over time.
Cohort
A group of individuals born within a few years of each other, sharing similar historical experiences.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
A measure that includes income, wealth, occupation, education, and neighborhood, affecting various areas of development.
Culture
A system of shared beliefs, norms, and behaviors that guide social behavior.
Social constructions
Based on shared perceptions, not objective reality.
Difference equals deficit error
The assumption that one's own culture is superior to others, leading to biases and misunderstandings.
Vygotsky's Theory
Emphasizes the interaction between culture and education, learning cultural knowledge through observation and interaction.
Ethnicity
A social construction affected by social context, more than biology.
Race
A social construction that can lead to racism, affecting development.
Nature vs
A debated topic focusing on the influence of biology (nature) versus environmental factors (nurture) on human development.
Epigenetics
The study of how environmental factors affect genetic expression, bridging nature and nurture.
Differential Susceptibility
The varying degrees of environmental influence on individuals based on their genetic makeup.
Critical Periods
Specific times when certain developmental milestones must occur, or they will not happen at all.
Sensitive Periods
Times when development is more responsive to environmental influences, but not a one-time opportunity.
Language Development
A critical aspect of human development, especially from 0 to 3 years old, where the brain is primed to learn language.
Ecological Systems Approach
Bronfenbrenner's theory that states every person develops within multiple contexts, including microsystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud's theory proposing that irrational, unconscious drives and motives guide behavior, developed in childhood.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
Emphasizes the importance of childhood experiences and includes adult stages, with developmental crises to overcome.
Trust Issues
Unresolved trust issues from early childhood can lead to difficulties in forming healthy relationships in adulthood.
Classical Conditioning
A learning process involving associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response.
Operant Conditioning
A learning process that uses rewards and punishments to modify behavior.
Social Learning
A learning process that involves observing and imitating others.
Bobo Doll Study
An experiment demonstrating that children learn behaviors by observing adults, particularly aggressive or non-aggressive actions.
Cognitive Theory
Piaget's theory focusing on how thinking and brain development changes over time, occurring in stages.
Chronosystem
Part of Bronfenbrenner's theory, referring to the effect of time and age on human development.
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