Nursing Care Management for Individual Client with Problems in Oxygenation

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering cardiovascular system concepts, hemodynamic terms, cardiac diagnostics, and clinical indicators from the oxygenation lecture.

Perfusion

The ability of the heart to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs, or the process of supplying oxygenated blood to capillary beds and every cell in the body.

Tissue Hypoperfusion

An inadequate blood supply resulting from massive blood loss, low blood pressure, constriction, or blood vessel injury, leading to ischemia and signs such as urine production $< 30\,mL/hour$, cool extremities, and altered level of consciousness.

Heart Failure

A condition in which a weakened heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs or cope with the demands of everyday activities.

Cardiogenic Shock

Decreased tissue perfusion resulting from primary heart failure, characterized by hypotension and power pump failure.

Stroke Volume

The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat, which is approximately $70\,mL$ in a healthy $70\text{-kg}$ man.

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time, calculated using the formula $CO = SV \times HR$.

Preload

The initial stretching of cardiac myocytes prior to contraction, representing the end-diastolic volume that stretches the ventricle to its greatest dimensions during the filling phase.

Afterload

The pressure in the wall of the left ventricle during ejection, representing the systemic vascular resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood during systole.

Angina

Chest discomfort, heaviness, pressure, or pain occurring when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood, which typically worsens with physical activity and resolves with rest.

Cyanosis

A bluish tint to the skin, fingernails, and lips caused by lower oxygen concentration when non-oxygenated blood is pumped to the body without receiving oxygen from the lungs.

Heart Murmur

An extra or unusual swishing or whooshing sound heard during a heartbeat produced when blood flows in or near narrowed or leaking heart valves.

Troponin

A complex of regulatory cardiac proteins released into the bloodstream $2$ to $4$ hours after heart cell damage, peaking in $12$ hours, with normal values of Tn I $< 0.35\,\text{mcg/L}$ and Tn T $< 0.2\,\text{mcg/L}$.

Myoglobin

A cardiac protein detected within $1$ to $3$ hours of myocardial injury and peaking within $6$ hours, with normal values ranging from $30\text{--}90\,\mu\text{g/mL}$.

CPK-MB (Myocardial Band)

A cardiac isoenzyme found in myocardial muscles released within $4$ to $6$ hours after cell damage, peaking at $24$ hours, with normal values of $0\text{--}3\,\text{mcg/L}$ ($0\text{--}7\,U/L$ or $0\text{--}5\%$ of total CPK).

Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)

An enzyme catalyzing the conversion of lactate to pyruvic acid with a normal value of $70\text{--}200\,IU/L$ that elevates in MI within $12$ to $24$ hours and peaks in $48$ to $72$ hours.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

An enzyme found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, and RBCs with a normal value of $7\text{--}40\,U/L$ that rises $8$ to $12$ hours after heart cell damage and peaks at $36$ hours.

2D Echo

A diagnostic procedure using high-frequency sound vibrations sent into the heart through the chest wall to trace cardiac structure and motion on an oscilloscope.

Angiography

An imaging test involving the injection of contrast medium into the vascular system to outline the heart and blood vessels using a fluoroscopic screen.

Holter Monitoring

A form of continuous ECG using a portable monitor and $3$ electrodes over a $24\text{-hour}$ period to record electrical activity of the heart during normal daily activities.

Cardiac Catheterization

An invasive procedure where a catheter is inserted into heart chambers via veins or arteries to measure pressures, blood oxygen concentration, cardiac output, and perform angiography.

Central Venous Pressure (CVP)

A measurement of pressure in the right atrium and superior vena cava reflecting right ventricular preload, with a normal value of $4\text{--}8\,mmHg$ or $5\text{--}10\,cmH_2O$.

Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)

A hemodynamic measurement indicating the efficiency of oxygenation in the pulmonary system, with a normal value ranging from $8\text{--}13\,mmHg$.