APES Unit 8

What does toxicology examine?

The relationship between the dose of a substance and the toxic response it elicits.

What is LD50?

The lethal dose for 50% of the population, indicating the dose required to kill half of a test population.

What does a low LD50 value indicate?

High toxicity.

What is bioaccumulation?

The process where a toxin collects within an organism over its lifetime.

What is biomagnification?

The process where contaminants collect in tissues and move up the food chain.

Name one key example of a pathogen that impacts humans and is linked to the environment.

Malaria.

What are the primary vectors of disease transmission mentioned?

Air, water, and mosquito/insect bites.

What are point sources of pollution?

Pollution that comes from a single, identifiable source, such as a sewage treatment plant.

What is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act?

A legislation that governs the disposal of solid and hazardous waste.

What are the 5 Rs of waste management?

Recycle, Reuse, Reduce, Repurpose, Refuse.

What does the term 'eutrophication' refer to?

A process where excess nutrients lead to algal blooms and deplete oxygen levels in water.

What is the main goal of primary sewage treatment?

To remove solid materials from wastewater.

What is an example of a common waterborne illness?

Diarrhea, often caused by pathogens in contaminated water.

What is precipitation in the water cycle?

Precipitation occurs when water in the atmosphere falls back to the earth's surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

What is collection in the water cycle?

Collection is the stage where water collects in bodies like rivers, lakes, and oceans after precipitation.

What is condensation in the water cycle?

Condensation is the process where water vapor cools and changes back into liquid water, forming clouds.

What is evaporation in the water cycle?

Evaporation is the process where liquid water turns into water vapor due to heat from the sun.

How does the sun influence the water cycle?

The sun provides the energy needed for evaporation, which drives the entire water cycle.

What role does transpiration play in the water cycle?

Transpiration is the process where plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves, contributing to the moisture in the air.

What is the difference between evaporation and transpiration?

Evaporation is the process of water turning into vapor from surfaces, while transpiration is the release of water vapor from plants.

What is infiltration in the water cycle?

Infiltration is the process by which water from precipitation seeps into the ground, replenishing groundwater supplies.

How do groundwater and surface water interact in the water cycle?

Groundwater can feed into surface water bodies such as rivers and lakes, while surface water can seep into the ground, replenishing groundwater.

What is runoff in the water cycle?

Runoff is the movement of water over land surfaces, typically after rain, leading to rivers, lakes, and eventually oceans.