sociology exam 2

deviance

violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms. describes behavior, not people. help indicate norms

deviance in society

necessary part of society. maintains social order when someone sees someone punished for a deviant act. reinforces what society sees as acceptable vs unacceptable

socialization into norms

being socialized to recognize deviance. can sometimes be socialized into deviant behavior

how is deviance managed

social control (sanctions)

positive sanctions

encourage normative behavior

negative sanctions

discourage deviant behavior

formal sanction

response to deviance that is codified in policy. ex promotion at work or a parking fine

informal sanctions

response to deviance that is interactional. ex side eying when picking nose or saying thank you

functionalism on deviance

deviance is necessary and also challenges peoples present views (mlk). deviance reinforces social coherence by clarifiying boundaries. heightening solidarity together (911), and affirming norms and values. deviance makes society functional

functionalist theories on deviance

strain theory and social disorganization

strain theory

people lack socially acceptable ways of achieving goals like material success. may choose deviance as a means of achieving those goals. expectation of success leads to strain leads to deviance/crime.

options for strain theory

conformity, innovation, ritualism (lower their goals until they can reach them. focus on conformity rather than achievement), retreatism (reject societys goals and means. ex homelessness withdraws from goal of financial success), rebellion (replacing a societys goals with your own)

social disorganization theory

crime happens in weak communities that lack social control. social and physical environment leads to crime. lack of durkheims social integration

conflict theorists on deviance

deviance and crime arise out of unequal distributions of power and norms are enforced differently based on the amount of power someone has. power elite

power elite

small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society with power and resources. rules are stacked in favor of them and they decide whats criminal

symbolic interactionists on deviance

more individually focused explanations. ex why do people choose to violate norms

symbolic interactionist therories

differential association, labeling, social control

differential association theory

individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models, explains why crime is multigenerational. if deviance gets more positive than negative sanctions, it will continue. family and close friends are the most important and teach values and motives for criminal behavior through interactions with others

social control theory

close social ties prevent deviant behavior, feeling disconnected leads to anomie. external control is sanctions and internal is having a generalized other. relies on attachment (ties to others), commitments (investments in community), involvement (participation in socially legit activies) and belief (agreement on common values in society)

violent crimes

use of force or threat of force

nonviolent crime

destruction or theft of property

street crime

offenses committed by ordinary people over other people or organizations, in public spaces. ex robbery, assault

corporate crime

white collar workers in business environment. ex embezzlement

victimless crime

person isnt harming someone else. ex prostitution

biological sex descriptors

male/female

gender descriptors

man/woman

gender

social category, a specturm. often based on sex category

gender dysphoria

strong feelings of identification with another gender and discomfort with ones own. sense of unease and wrongness

gender identity

our personal understanding and experience of our relationship with gender and gender categories. shaped by socialization and internal factors

gender presentation

how someone expresses their gender identity. ex clothing, body language, speech patterns

doing gender

established by west and zimmerman. gender is performed in interactions, not something we are. behaviors are assessed based on socially accepted conceptions of gender. when we practice it, we acknowledge it again

what is sexuality

a persons capacity for sexual feelings and what types of people we desire

sexual orientation

physical, mental, emotional, sexual attraction to a certain sex

sexual scripts

social norms and expectations about sexual behaviors. sexual behaviors eventually synthesize into identity

deviant sexuality

minority status. heterosexuality is heteronormativity

what affects gender inequoty

education, race, economics, resources

gender roles

societys concept of how men and women are expected to look/behave. children learn gender roles through play

occupational sorting

the drive to adhere to masculine and feminine gender roles later in life

gender identity

a persons deeply held internal perception of gender

social stratification

system in which groups experience unequal access to basic yet highly valuable social resources. ex gender stratification or racial. how the structure affects a persons social standing

glass ceiling

women are unable to reach the executive suite. an invisible barrier, example of social stratification

structural on gender roles

gender roles were established because women were limited by nursing and pregnancy. structure changed during ww2 and women became breadwinners. when men came back, instability occurred because they wanted their jobs back

conflict on gender roles

men dominate women. social problems are created when dominant groups exploit or suppress other goods. owner worker relationship is reflected in households because women rely on spouses for economic support

radical feminism on gender roles

family perpetuates male dominance and mens contributions are seen as more valuable. women are silenced where their points are considered invalid. but in a matriarchy, men would not experience the same thing

symbolic on gender roles

analyzes the critical role of symbols in human interaction. if you meet with a female loan officer, you might appeal to their emotions

social construction of sexuality

opposite of biological determinism. the way in which socially created definitions about sex linked behavior shape the way people see and experience sexuality

biological determinism

opposite of social construction of sexuality. men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology

structural on sexuality

sex is important to ensure marital cohesion and family stability. family unit is the most integral component in society, so extramarital sex is discouraged. this gives offspring the best chance for approriate socialization. but, doesnt take into account gay ppl or surrogates

conflict on sexuality

sexuality is an area in which power differneces are present and dominant groups work to promote their worldview and economic interests. want ideological and economic power. ideological: favor traditional marriage and nuclear family. economic: marriage gives financial entitlement to social security. do support homo marriage for economic purposes

symbolic on sexuality

since femininty is devalued in society, those with feminine traits are reduced, like gay men. hetero signifies normalcy. looking glass self- expose to labels leads to negative self image and hate

interactionist labeling theory

calling homo a disorder makes a big impact on homos

queer theory

focuses on the mismatch between anatomical sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation. sexuality can also include preferences on how much time you spend thinking about sex, spontaneous vs scripted, amount of identity.

occupational gender/sex segregation

we are socialized into certain jobs

first wave feminism

voting rights, access to public space

second wave feminism

gender equality, resisting sexual violence

third wave feminism

intersectional feminism, trans rights. microaggressions, sexal violence

fourth wave feminism

empowerment using social media

what does gender equity look like

womens work is central to the economy, men can contribute to housework and childcare without being judged. equal access to education, power, and authority

major principles of stratification

1. a trait of society, not a reflection of individual differences

2. persists over generations

3. universal bu variable

4. not just inequality but beliefs too

society and stratification

every society stratifies something whether it be age, race, etc.

types of stratification

open and closed systems

closed system

membership based on birth/ascribed status. no social mobility, value community over individual. endogamous marriage. ex jim crow

opensystem

membership based on birth and achievement. possibility of social mobility, value individualism. option of exogamous marriage. ex class in america

income

money in

wealth

property and assets- debt. includes house or anything else you can sell for cash

economic power

income + wealth. looking at economic power is a good judge of social stratification

social class

open system of stratification. consists of income, wealth, education, occupation

intergenerational

kids from new generations move up. ex factory worker dad’s son goes to school and becomes a doctor

intragenerational

someone changes class in their own lifetime