F6 - Urinary System

Urinary System is often called?

Excretory System

Urinary System is composed of:

1. Kidney

2. Ureters

3. Bladder

4. Uretha

What is the functions of the Urinary System?

1. Maintain body’s water and salt balance

2. Regulates acid-base balance of the blood

3. Removes nitrogen containing wastes and toxins from blood and flushes them through urine.

which is lower, the right or left kidney?

Right kidney is lower

Located at the level of T12 to L3

Kidney

What are the coverings of the Kidney?

1. Fibrous Capsule

2. Perirenal fat capsule

3. Renal Fascia

transparent, enclosed each kidney, gives glistering appearance to fresh kidney

Fibrous Capsule

surrounds and provides protection to kidneys, acts as a cushion

Perirenal fat cushion

Anchor and supports the kidney in place

Renal Fashia

It is the outer most capsule (kidney)

Renal Fascia

What is the producing enzyme of your kidney?

Renin

it regulates blood pressure

Renin

What is the enzyme and hormone of your kidney?

• Enzyme: Renin

• Hormone: Erythropoietin

stimulates the production of RBC, converts Vitamin D to its active form

Erythropoietin

What are the regions of Kidney

1. Renal Cortex

2. Renal Medulla

3. Renal Pelvis

inner collecting tube, flat basin like cavity

Renal Pelvis

outer region of the kidney (light color)

Renal Cortex

Inner of renal cortex (darker color)

Renal Medulla

What organs (step-by-step) does the urine flow to go outside of the body

2 ureters —> Urinary Bladder —> Urethra

these organs provides

• Temporary storage for urine

• Transportation channels — carry it from the kidneys to the outside of the body

1. Two pairs ureter

2. Urinary Bladder

3. Urethra

dropping of the kidney to a lower position if the amount of tissue dwindles (as with rapid weight loss)

Ptosis

when Ptosis happens, urine that can no longer pass thru the ureters backs up and exerts pressure on the kidney tissue causing….

Hydronephrosis

also called as collecting duct

Nephrons

what maintains the structures of Nephrons

1. Glomerulus - a knot capillaries

2. Renal tube

2 types of Nephrons

1. Cortical Nephrons

• located entirely in the cortex includes most nephrons.

2. Juxtamedullary nephrons

• found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla

a specialized capillary bed, fed and drained by arterioles

Glomerulus

capillaries are covered with octopus sized cells from the renal tube, sits within a glomerular capsule (the first part of the renal tube)

Podocytes

What is

• Large afferent arteriole

• Narrow efferent arteriole

1. Large afferent arteriole – is the feeder vessel

2. Narrow efferent arteriole – receives blood that has

passed through the glomerulus

is a nonselective passive process in which fluids passes from the blood into the glomerular capsule parts of the renal tubule.

Glomerular filtration

3 process of urine formation

1. Glomerular filtration

2. Tubular reabsorption

3. Tubular filtration

is the process of reclaiming nutrients, ions, and water that the body needs from the filtrate in the renal tubule.

Tubular reabsorption

the process of actively moving substance from peritubular blood into the renal tubule for elimination from the body.

Tubular Filtration

ait is a cup-shaped closed end

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

Different regions of Renal Tubule

1. Proximal convoluted tubule

2. Loop of Henle

3. Distal convoluted tubule

aids gravity in urine transport

Peristalsis

• two slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder which is 25 to 30 cms long and 6 mm in diameter.

• serves as a passageway that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Ureter

crystals formed from solutes such as uric acid salts that precipitate in the renal pelvis caused by urine becomes concentrated

Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)

Kidney stones is also known as?

Renal Calculi

smooth, collapsible, muscular sac

Urinary Bladder

smooth triangular region of the bladder base outlined by these 3 openings

Trigone

thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis

Urethra

2 sphincters (openings) that releases urine

1. Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)

   • keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed.

2. External urethral sphincter (voluntary)

   • fashioned by skeletal muscle as the urethra passes thru the pelvic floor

% normal amount of water in the body

• Babies – 75%

• Young adult males – 60%

• Young adult females – 50%

• Old age – 45%

DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUID

1. Intracellular fluid (inside cells) highest fluid volume

2. Extracellular fluid (outside cells) less f.v

3. Interstitial fluid

4. Blood plasma

Blood pH must remain between ____ to maintain homeostasis (stability)

7.35 - 7.45

• Alkalosis – pH below 7.45

• Acidosis – pH below 7.35

Acid-base balance is all about maintaining….

Blood pH levels

pH of acidosis & alkalosis

• Alkalosis – pH below 7.45

• Acidosis – pH below 7.35

Other acid-base controlling systems

1. Blood buffers

2. Respiration

What does hydrogen ion (H+) do pH rise & drops

• Bind to H+ when pH drops

• Release H+ when pH rises

Three major chemical buffer systems:

1. Bicarbonate buffer system

2. Phosphate buffer system

3. Protein buffer system

In the carbonate buffer system, the kind of ions are offered strong acids to change them to weak acids.

bicarbonate ions (HCO₃-)

What kind of chemical buffer system:

• Carbon dioxide in the blood is converted to bicarbonate ion and transported in the plasma.

• Increases in hydrogen ion concentration produces more carbonic acid.

• Excess hydrogen ion can be blown off with the release of carbon dioxide from the lungs.

• Respiratory rate can rise and fall depending on changing blood pH.

Bicarbonate Buffer System

Function Renal maintenance in acid-base balance

• Excrete bicarbonate ions if needed

• Conserve or generate new bicarbonate ions if needed.

• Urine pH varies from 4.5 to 8.0 (normal)

What is the normal urine pH

4.5 to 8.0

URINE FORMATION PROCESSES

1. Glomerular Filtration: Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through the capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal tubule.

2. Tubular Reabsorption: Water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood.

3. Tubular Secretion: H+, K*, creatinine, and drugs are removed from the peritubular.

Examples of HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE

1. Oliguria

2. Anuria

What does Homeostatic means

maintain a stable internal environment

an abnormally urine output between 100 and 400 ml/day

Oliguria

• an abnormally urine output - less than 10pmL/day

• low urinary output indicates that glomerular BP is too low to cause filtration

• may also result from transfusion reaction and acute inflammation or form crush injuries of the kidneys

Anuria

What is urea?

Waste product formed in the liver

What is Renal Tubule?

• filtrate from the blood is processed to become urine.

Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ___

Ureter (not bladder ha)

What is the pigment that makes our urine yellow?

Urochrome

What is the normal pH of our urine?

Around 6

process of urinating — in other words, emptying the bladder.

Micturition (Vioding)

What is a Sphincter Muscle?

circular muscle that controls the opening and closing of a passage or tube in the body.

What happen to the bladder when we are aging (old)?

Bladder shrinks

What does Urinary retention means?

inability to completely empty the bladder or can’t urinate at all

Diabetic Nephropathy is caused by?

Diabetes Mellitus

What kinds of protein leaks during diabetic property?

Albumin (excreted through urine)

• multiple abnormal cysts develop and grow in the kidneys.

• symptoms: high blood pressure, headaches, abdominal pain, blood in the urine, and excessive urination.

Polycystic Kidney Disorder

Long-term, uncontrolled high blood pressure is another common cause of ?

Kidney Failure

Bladder infection is also called

Cystitis

What is Bladder Infection?

also called cystitis, is a very common type of urinary tract infection (UTI) in which the urinary bladder becomes infected by bacteria (typically Escherichia coli), rarely by fungi.