Fill in the blank

C

is the subunit of the ATP synthase that binds H⁺ from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and then rotates the g subunit and releases H⁺ on the matrix side of the membrane.

lactate

HIF-1 causes in increase in the production of

thermogenin

transports H⁺  across the mitochondrial inner membrane to the matrix without making ATP, resulting in the production of heat in brown fat mitochondria.

linear with respect to blood glucose concentration

The K_t for glucose transport by GLUT 2 is 17 mM.  The physiological range of blood glucose is 4 to 8 mM.  As a result, for physiological blood glucose concentrations, the rate of transport of glucose by GLUT 2 is

S5 + S6 main chain carbonyls bind the Na⁺ at the optimum configuration

Describe selectivity filter for the voltage-gated Na⁺ channel

S4 segments has lysines and arginines that are positively charged

Describe voltage gate for the voltage-gated Na⁺ channel

a loop of the channel that blocks the channel shortly after opening to ensure depolarization goes the right way

Describe inactivation gate for the voltage-gated Na⁺ channel

cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase

What is the off switch for cAMP

GTPase

What is the off switch for G_s and Ras

phosphorylation of tyrosine near C terminal

What is the off switch for Src

phosphatase

What is the off switch for IRS-1

hexokinase

The enzyme _________________________________________ converts glucose to glucose 6-phosphate.

phosphoenol pyruvate

+ ADP → pyruvate + ATP

lactate

is a non-carbohydrate precursor that can be used by gluconeogenesis to make glucose.

HIF-1

is a transcription factor that causes increased synthesis of GLUT1 and GLUT3 under conditions of low oxygen.

pentose phosphate

In the _______________ pathway, 3 C₅ intermediates are converted to 2 C₆ and C₃.  

biotin

is the prosthetic group of pyruvate carboxylase.

protein kinase A

phosphorylates hormone-sensitive lipase in epinephrine-stimulated triacylglycerol mobilization.

Adipose triacylglycerol lipase

is the enzyme directly activated by CGI-58.

Carnitine

is attached to fatty acids during transport into mitochondria

Strum albumin

is the protein that carries fatty acids in blood.

oxaloacetate

Due to the removal of ___________________ from the citric acid cycle for use in gluconeogenesis, ketone bodies are overproduced during starvation.

arginine; ornithine

_________________ + H₂O  →  urea + __________________

S-adenosyl methionine

is a one-carbon donor in most methylation reactions.

coenzyme B₁₂

is the cofactor in the free radical reaction in the pathway of methionine catabolism.

Aspartate; glutamine

____________ + a-ketoglutarate →  oxaloacetate + ______________

arginine; fumarte

argininosuccinate  →   _______________ + _________________

β (beta)

is the subunit of the ATP synthase that binds ADP and phosphate to make ATP.

H+

Thermogenin transports ____________ across the mitochondrial inner membrane, resulting in the production of heat in brown fat mitochondria.

ADP; Pi

In SERCA, Ca²⁺ is pumped by hydrolyzing ATP to _______ and ___________

H+

In E. coli, lactose is transported in symport with ________________

Leucine

The acetylcholine receptor channel is likely blocked by the amino acid ___________ in the middle of the M2 segment of each of its 5 subunits in the closed state

IRS-1; Grb2; Ras

insulin → insulin receptor → ___________________ → _______________________ → Sos→ ______________

JAK; STAT

leptin → leptin receptor → ______________________ → ______________________, which activates transcription in the nucleus

1,3- bisphosphoglycerate

glyceraldehyde 3-P_i + NAD⁺ + P_i → _____________________________________________ + NADH + H⁺

Lactate

pyruvate + NADH + H+ → _____________________________________ + NAD⁺ (anaerobic metabolism)

tumors

¹⁸F-labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose is used to detect _____________________________ in PET scans

2 NADPH; ribose 5-phosphate

_________________________________ and _____________________________________ are the products of the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway.

hormone sensitive lipase; perilipin

______________________________________________ and _______________________________ are proteins phosphorylated by protein kinase A in epinephrine-stimulated TAG mobilization.

triacyl glycerols

ATGL hydrolyzes _________________________________

acetone

__________________________________ is one example of a ketone body.

ATP; AMP; PPi

fatty acyl-CoA synthetase reaction:

fatty acid + CoASH + ___________________ → fatty acyl-CoA + ____________________ + __________________

biotin

____________________________________ is a one-carbon donor in most carboxylation reactions such as for pyruvate carboxylase.

Valine

______________________________________________ is an amino acid that is degraded to propionyl CoA and then succinyl CoA in a coenzyme B₁₂-dependent pathway.

aspartate

__________________________ is an amino acid that is degraded to oxaloacetate.

Alanine; glutamate

______________________________ + a-ketoglutarate →  pyruvate + ____________________________

arginine

argininosuccinate  →   _____________________________________________ + fumarate

Glucagon→ glucagon receptor→ Gs→ adenylyl cyclase→ cAMP→ protein kinase A→ phosphorylase b kinase→ glycogen phosphorylase

Write out the pathway for glucagon-stimulated glycogen degradation in liver cells, beginning with glucagon and ending with glycogen phosphorylase

binds H+ from H+ half channel and rotates through membrane and releases H+ from other half channel

Describe the function of c subunit in ATP synthesis by the mitochondrial ATP synthase

C subunit rotates Ɣ subunit which causes a change in conformation of β subunit

Describe the function of Ɣ subunit in ATP synthesis by the mitochondrial ATP synthase

binds ADP + Pi and changes conformation to make and release ATP

Describe the function of β subunit in ATP synthesis by the mitochondrial ATP synthase

Thiamine pyrophosphate; Lipoamide; Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Name the 3 cofactors for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

phenylalanine hydroxylase

the enzyme deficient in phenylketonuria

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

iron sulfur center

pyrodoxial phosphate

biotin

ubiquinone

NADH→ NADH dehydrogenase→ ubiquinone→ Cytochrome bc1→ Cytochrome C→ Cytochrome oxidase→ O2

Write out the pathway for mitochondrial electron transport from NADH to Oz. Write out the complete name of the complexes (not just the numbers).

succinate→ succinate dehydrogenase→ ubiquinone→ Cytochrome bc1→ cytochrome C→ cytochrome oxidase→ O2

Write out the pathway for mitochondrial electron transport from succinate to O₂.  Write out the complete name of the complexes (not just the numbers)

epinephrine→ β-adrenergic receptor→ Gs→ adenylyl cyclase→ cAMP→ protein kinase A→ phosphorylase B kinase→ glycogen phosphorylase

Write out the pathway for epinephrine-stimulated glycogen degradation in muscle cells, beginning with epinephrine and ending with glycogen phosphorylase.

1.) oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA→ citrate (citrate synthase)
2.) citrate→ isocitrate
3.) isocitrate→ ɑ-ketoglutarate (isocitrate dehydrogenase)(NAD+→ NADH, CO2)
4.) ɑ-ketoglutarate→ succinyl CoA (ɑ-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex)(NAD+, Co-ASH→ NADH, CO2
5.) succinyl CoA→ succinate (GDP, Pi→ GTP, Co-ASH)
6.) succinate→ fumarate (FAD+→ FADH2)
7.) fumarate → malate
8.) malate→ oxaloacetate (NAD+→ NADH)

What is the citric acid cycle pathway

1.) glucose→ glucose 6-Pi (hexokinase)(ATP→ ADP)
2.) glucose 6-Pi→ fructose 6-Pi
3.) fructose 6-Pi→ fructose 1,6 bis-Pi (phosphofructosekinase-1)(ATP→ADP)
4a.)fructose 1,6 bis-Pi→ dehydroxyacetone-Pi
4b.) fructose 1,6 bis-Pi→ glyceraldehyde 3-Pi
5.) dihydroxyacetone Pi→ glyceraldehyde 3-Pi (2)
6.) glyceraldehyde 3-Pi (2)→ 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (2) (NAD+, Pi (2)→ NADH (2))
7.) 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (2)→ 3-phosphoglycerate (2) (2 ADP→ 2 ATP)
8.) 3-phosphoglycerate (2)→ 2-phosphoglycerate (2)
9.) 2-phosphoglycerate (2)→ phosphoenol pyruvate (2)
10.) phosphoenol pyruvate (2)→ pyruvate (2) (2 ADP→ 2 ATP)

What is the glycolysis pathway