new organismal

Protozoa

animal-like protists, heterotrophic, unicellular, mostly aquatic; some w/ pellicle; sense/respond; base of the food web (zooplankton), many pathogenic

Sarcodina

phylum of amoeboids; pseudopods; mass of cytoplasm; utilize fission or sexual reproduction; pathogenic (ex. dysentery, Entamoeba histolytica)

pellicle

tough covering/coating

pseudopodia

false feet

Zoomastigophora

flagellates; free-living or parasitic, includes choanoflagellates(in sponges)

Ciliophora

ciliates; discharge spines as defense; two nuclei, asexual and sexual repr.; includes paramecium

Porifera

phylum of sponges; no true tissue, most likely evolved from choanoflagellates; plant-like appearance; sessile; sexual and asexual(fragmentation)

Spongin

Flexible material that makes up the skeleton of sponges.

spongocoel

central cavity in sponges

osculum

A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled

radial symmetry

body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body; organisms are symmetric through all life stages.

Cnidaria

jellyfish, corals, sea anemones; sessile, two phases: polyp and medusa; often alternate phases, one may be dominant or absent; asexual and sexual reproduction; capture prey with nematocysts

polyp stage

sessile/stationary stage of cnidarians

medusa stage

mobile stage of cnidarians

zooxanthellae

group of algae that only inhabits coral (endosymbiotic)

Nematocysts

stinging cells in cnidarians used to capture prey

sessile

An organism that does not move. It remains attached to one place.

bilateral symmetry

one plane of symmetry; allows sensing in one direction, or cephalization; have mobility, leave waste behind

Cephalization

concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the anterior(front)of an animal's body

Triploblastic organisms

organisms with three layers of tissue during embryo development; recent evolutionary advancement; endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Ectoderm

the outer tissue layer; develops into skin and nervous tissue

Mesoderm

middle tissue layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

Endoderm

innermost layer of tissue during development; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system

Platyhelminthes

phylum of flatworms, tapeworms; first phylum to evolve digestive system (only one opening); acoelomates; often parasitic; include Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda

Turbellaria

class of planarians; free-living, aquatic, light sensitive eyespots; predaceous, wrap around prey; asexual(splitting) and sexual(hermaphroditic), ex. sea slug, flatworm

Trematoda

class of flukes; mostly parasitic (feed on blood/in organs); lack a head and well-developed nervous/digestive systems; hermaphroditic but not self-fertilizing; complicated life cycles

Cestoda

class of tapeworms; parasitic; no digestive/nervous system; usually feed from digestive tract from host; use scolex to latch on digestive wall; reproduce rapidly w/ proglottids

Proglottids

body segments of tapeworm; m/f structures, self-fertilizing; segments become engorged and dissolve, releasing eggs; eggs passed in feces and eaten by other organisms.

body cavity evolution

suspended organs protected in fluid, organs can grow/move independent of body wall; fluid allows more protection; bend/stretch w/o pressuring organs

Coelomate

An animal that possesses a true body cavity that is lined completely with mesoderm

Acoelomate

an animal that lacks a body cavity

Pseudocoelomate

An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm; Rotifera anf Nematoda

Nematoda

phylum of roundworms; common in soil and water everywhere; possess longitudinal muscles, thrashing movements; no circulatory system; sexual, resistant to harsh conditions

Protostomes

evolutionary line of animals with mouths that develop from or near the blastopore; include arthropod, mollusks, annelid lineages

Deuterostomes

evolutionary line of animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus during early embryonic development; include chordates, echinoderms, and protochordate lineages

Mollusca

snails, clams, and cephalopods; mostly aquatic; typically "shelled"

Bivalvia

class of clams and oysters; no distinct head; use foot to burrow in sediment; filter feeders; open circulatory system

Gastropoda

class of snails and slugs; hermaphroditic, sexual

Cephalopoda

squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus; free-swimming predators; modified foot(tentacles); well-developed sensory structures and brain/nervous system; closed circulatory system.

body segmentation

body divided into serial segments; allow better control and regional specialization in animals

Annelida

phylum of segmented worms; marine, freshwater, and terrestrial; body systems developed with specialized digestive systems; closed nervous system; nephridia present

Oligochaeta

class of earthworms; lack a distinct head; have setae for burrowing in soil; hermaphroditic

Setae

Bristle-like structures that help segmented worms move

Polychaeta

class of marine worms; dorsal-ventrally flattened; pseudopods; exclusively marine well-developed head; have parapodia

parapodia

fleshy appendages on marine worms w/ setae on ends for movement

Hirudinea

class of leeches; lack setae and internal septa; suckers on anterior and posterior; secrete anticoagulant & anesthetic; used to remove blood clots/restore blood flow in medical field.

tagmosis

fusion of body segments into functional units for specialization purposes; seen in both protostomes and deuterostomes

Arthropoda

phylum of joint-legged invertebrates including crustaceans, myriapods, insects, and arachnids; have exoskeleton; well-developed eyes; growth via molting; open circulatory system(tracheal respiration); occur everywhere.

Crustacea

subphyla of crabs/crayfish/shrimp; mostly aquatic; 2 pair antennae; cephalothorax and abdomen; breath via gills; multiple appendages

Chelicerata

a sub phylum of arthropods; includes Horseshoe crabs, Insects, and Arachnids, etc; have chelicera, 6 appendages; 2 body regions; book lungs

chelicerae

pair of mouthparts in chelicerates that contain fangs and are used to stab and paralyze prey

book lungs

Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.

Spiracles

breathing tubes of insects located on abdomen

Trilobita

extinct class of arthropods; flattened body divided by a pair of longitudinal furrows; once dominated oceans during Paleozoic