POSC 240 Final Exam

Development

A multidimensional process involving economic growth, reduction of poverty and inequality, and improvements in health, education, and well-being.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced in a country.

Gross National Income (GNI)

GDP plus net income earned from abroad.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

An economic theory that compares different countries' currencies through a 'basket of goods' approach to determine relative value.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite measure of life expectancy, education, and per capita income, providing a more comprehensive measure than GDP alone.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

8 international goals from 2000–2015 focused on poverty reduction, education, gender equality, and health.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

17 goals established by the UN in 2015 aimed at ending poverty, improving health and education, reducing inequality, and tackling climate change by 2030.

International Poverty Line

Defined as $2.15/day by the World Bank as of 2022.

Extreme Poverty

Severe deprivation of basic human needs.

Cycle of Poverty

Self-reinforcing mechanisms that trap individuals and communities in poverty across generations.

Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Government aid to promote development and welfare in developing countries.

Ethnic Diversity

Variety of ethnic groups in a society.

Politics of Difference

Political mobilization based on ethnic/cultural identity.

Systematic Violence

Violence that arises from a legally enforced hierarchy of ethnic groups.

Proportional Representation (PR)

An electoral system where parties receive seats in proportion to their share of the popular vote.

Single Member District Plurality (SMDP)

An electoral system where the candidate with the most votes wins; used widely in the U.S.

Ethnic Cleansing

The forced removal of an ethnic group from a region, often involves violence and persecution.

Political Exclusion

The systematic denial of certain groups access to political power and participation.

Conflict

A serious disagreement or argument, often violent.

Inter-ethnic Relations

The ways in which different ethnic groups interact with each other.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Climate Change

Long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place.

Economic Disparities

The unequal distribution of wealth and resources among different groups within a society.

Inclusive Economic Growth

Economic growth that is distributed fairly across society and creates opportunities for all.

Gini Coefficient

A measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income or wealth distribution of a nation's residents.