11/6 NOTES- DNA REPLICATION

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18 Terms

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Mitosis

The process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents, leading to the formation of two daughter cells.

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Chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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Nucleosome

A structural unit of chromatin consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins.

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DNA Polymerase

An enzyme responsible for synthesizing DNA molecules from nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.

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Semi-conservative replication

The process of DNA replication in which each of the two resulting DNA molecules has one old strand and one new strand.

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Origin of replication

The specific location on a chromosome where DNA replication begins, characterized by rich sequences of adenine (A) and thymine (T) bases.

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Helicase

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix at the replication fork, separating the two strands of DNA.

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Okazaki fragments

Short sequences of DNA nucleotides synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

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Primase

An RNA polymerase enzyme that synthesizes a short RNA primer to initiate DNA replication.

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DNA Ligase

An enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between the fragments.

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Single-Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBPs)

Proteins that bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA during replication, preventing it from re-annealing.

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5' to 3' direction

The direction in which DNA polymerases synthesize new DNA strands by adding nucleotides; critical for DNA replication.

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Heterochromatin

Regions of chromatin that are tightly packed and not actively transcribed.

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Leading strand

The continuous strand of DNA synthesized in the same direction as the replication fork opens.

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Lagging strand

The discontinuously synthesized strand of DNA made in short fragments in the opposite direction of the replication fork.

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Base pairing rules

Rules that dictate the pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA, where adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.

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Transcription

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

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Nucleotide

The basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.