Life Cycle Quizzes and Readings

According to Gawande (2010), __________ % of all Medicare dollars spent is used on the _______ % of patients who will die within a year.

50, 5

5, 25

50, 25

Correct!

25, 5

25,5

Match the image with the scenario it describes.

A: U

B: decline

fatal breast cancer, successful breast cancer treatment

Gawande talks about the Coping with Cancer study, which showed that terminally ill cancer patients who were put on a mechanical ventilator, given electrical defibrillation or chest compressions, or admitted to the ICU had a substantially worse quality of life in their last week than those who received no such interventions.

The study also said that six months after their death, their caregivers were three as likely to suffer major depression.

Answer 1:

Correct!

worse quality

Answer 2:

Correct!

three

asdf

Prior to the modern era, death was typically a brief process.

Correct!

True

False

true

Christakis surveyed the doctors of nearly 500 terminally ill patients about the amount of time they expected their patients would live, then tracked how long the patients actually lived.

Correct!

% doctors who underestimated how long their patients would live

Correct!

% doctors who overestimated how long their patients would live

Correct!

the average amount that the doctors were off when they overestimated

17,63,530

According to the article, more than ______% of oncologists report offering treatments that they believe are unlikely to work.

20

80

Correct!

40

10

40

In the Aetna study described in the article, concurrent care is described as

receiving hospice treatments only

Correct!

receiving curative treatments AND hospice treatments

receiving curative treatments only

receiving curative and hospice

The findings from the Aetna program for terminally ill patients were surprising to the program leaders. The results showed that among elderly patients, hospice enrollment increased , while ICU and hospital usage . In addition, patient satisfaction scores .

Answer 1:

Correct!

increased

Answer 2:

Correct!

decreased

Answer 3:

Correct!

increased

asdf

Patients who received concurrent care used these services and treatments (see below) _________ % less often than patients who received standard care.

Correct!

ER

Correct!

hospitals and ICUs

Correct!

overall costs

nearly 50, more than 67, nearly 25

By 1996, what percent of residents who died in La Crosse, Wisconsin had written advanced directives, or end-of-life wishes, prior to their deaths?

50%

25%

15%

Correct!

85%

85%

Sara eventually died from _________.

lung cancer

Correct!

complications from pneumonia

thyroid cancer

complications from pneumonia

Chronic stress rarely leads to depression

True

Correct!

False

false

Repetti and colleagues (2009) argue that families are static systems that are unaffected from outside forces.

True

Correct!

False

false

Repetti et al. summarize research showing effects of parents' stressors on children and children's stressors on parents. This is an example of a ___________ influence.

Correct!

bidirectional

homozygous

heterogeneous

unidirectional

bidirectional

Repetti cites a theorist we discussed early in the semester. This person's theory directed us to look at many possible levels (systems) of influence on the developing person, and highlighted the importance of bidirectional influences. Name this theorist:

Borkowski

Baltes

Correct!

Bronfenbrenner

Bandura

bronfenbrenner

Repetti and colleagues found that after having a stressful day at work, air traffic controllers tended to [air1] and [air2] withdraw more from their wives and children.

physically, socially

emotionally, residentially

physically, residentially

Correct!

emotionally, socially

emotionally, socially

In the daycare study Repetti describes, the researchers used an __________ design in which they videotaped mothers being reunited with (picking up) their children after work, and then coded the interactions between mothers and children.

physiological

Correct!

observational

experimental

case study

longitudinal

observational

Look at Table 1, including footnote. For the Daycare Reunion Study, mothers' ratings of workload and social interactions with coworkers and __________ that day at work predicted greater amounts of ________ and behavioral _________ from their children that day.

romantic partners, social, care

Correct!

supervisors, emotional, withdrawal

supervisors, social, care

romantic partners, emotional, withdrawal

supervisors, emotional, withdrawal

What did preschoolers do in response to their mothers' withdrawal?

acted out more and tried to negatively engage their moms more

Correct!

acted out less and tried to positively engage their moms more

acted out less and tried to negatively engage their moms more

acted out more and tried to positively engage their moms more

acted out less and tried to positively engage their moms more

In the UCLA Family Development Study, how do Repetti and colleagues interpret the direction of the effects?

Read [X]-->[Y] as [X] "is associated with" [Y] or [X] "predicts" [Y]

marital anger --> withdrawal, job stressors

Correct!

job stressors --> marital anger, withdrawal

withdrawal --> job stressors, marital anger

b

What does Repetti et al. mean by

"negative mood mediates associations between job stressors and marital behavior" (2009, p. 108)?

the relationship between job stressors and marital behavior depends on negative mood

Correct!

negative mood helps to explain why more job stressors predicts worse marital behavior

asdflkj

Look closely at Figure 1 and the text on p. 109. What does coregulation mean?

family members may show asynchronous (non-matching) physiological states

Correct!

family members may show synchronous (matching) physiological states

b

Look closely at Figure 1 and the text. What does emotional transmission mean?

Correct!

one family member's current mood can affect another family member's mood right now or later that day

one family member's current behaviors can affect another family member's mood right now or later that day

a

Repetti and colleagues review data from studies using diary, observational, and physiological data. From the physiological data, what "stress hormone" did the researchers collect in order to determine how physiologically "stressed" the person was?

alpha amylase

Correct!

cortisol

norepinephrine

serotonin

cortisol

The idea that chronic stress produces wear and tear on the body's regulatory systems is called ________________.

homeostasis

aging

Correct!

allostatic load

allostatic load

According to Fraley's norms from 17,000 people who took the ECR-R online,

the average person had an attachment-related avoidance score of __________________.

2.92

According to Fraley's norms from 17,000 people who took the ECR-R online,

the average person had an attachment-related anxiety score of __________________.

3.56

Given these norms, the average person would fall into which of the quadrants on the figure on the slides?

dismissing

fearful-avoidant

preoccupied

secure

secure

In Fraley's online ECR-R data, the predicted avoidance scores were ______________ for older adults than younger adults.

lower

higher

higher

In Fraley's online ECR-R data, the predicted anxiety scores were higher for older adults than younger adults.

True

False

false

Emerging adulthood is an old theory, harkening back to the days of Freud.

True

Correct!

False

false

Emerging adulthood describes the period of development from the late __________ through the twenties, with a focus on ages _______ to __________.

middle school years, 13, 25

middle school years, 13, 35

Correct!

teens, 18, 25

teens, 18, 35

teens, 18, 25

Arnett (2000) describes the large differences between emerging adults. Even though they are around the same age, nothing is typical. Citing census data, Arnett reports that during adolescence (between the ages of 12-17),

> 95% of American adolescents live at home with a parent,

> 98% are unmarried,

< 10% have a child,

> 95% are enrolled in school.

In contrast, emerging adulthood is a period of a "great deal of demographic ____________________" (p. 471).

inconsistency

Correct!

variability

uniformity

stability

variability

Describe what Arnett's quote you completed in your previous answer means in your own words.

Emerging adults as a group tend to be fairly similar to each other, compared to teens who are fairly different from each other.

Correct!

Emerging adults as a group are especially different from each other, compared to teens who tend to be fairly similar to each other.

b

By the time young adults reach their 30's, Arnett reports Census statistics that:

75% are married

75% have children

< 10% are enrolled in school.

To summarize, 30+ year olds are more ____________ and _________ variable as a group than emerging adults.

heterogeneous, more

heterogeneous, less

homogeneous, more

Correct!

homogeneous, less

homogeneous, less

Another feature of emerging adulthood that Arnett describes is a focus on exploration.

This is apparent in several life domains, including residential status.

According to Figure 1 (based on 1997-98 data), nearly ______% of 20-24 year olds had moved in the last year.

In comparison, about ________ % of 10-14 year olds and ______% of people 55 and older had moved in the last year.

Correct!

35, 15, 5

55, 35, 5

35, 15, 15

55, 15, 5

35,15,5

Arnett conducted a large study of Americans in their late teens and early twenties and surveyed them on a number of topics, including the question:

Do you feel you have reached adulthood?

Look closely at Figure 2. How did the largest number of 18-25 year olds answer this question?

no

Correct!

yes and no

yes

yes and no

What about adolescents (12-17 year olds)? How did the largest amount of adolescents answer this question?

no

Correct!

yes and no

yes

yes and no

What about 26-35 year olds?

yes and no

Correct!

yes

no

yes

Arnett summarizes results of studies in which teens and twenty year olds ranked the important markers of adulthood. Which were ranked towards the top? Which were ranked towards the bottom?

Correct!

finishing school

Correct!

getting married

Correct!

having children

Correct!

accepting responsibility for self

Correct!

making independent decisions

Correct!

becoming financially independent

bottom, bottom, bottom, top, top, near top

Emerging adulthood offers opportunity for identity exploration in the areas of __________, work, and worldviews.

Correct!

love

residence

money

love

What is NOT an example of risk behavior occurring more often in emerging adulthood than other periods?

binge drinking

driving at high speeds

Correct!

texting while driving

unprotected sex

drunk driving

substance use

texting while driving

In the data Arnett reviews, those emerging adults who lived close to home had the best relationships with their parents.

True

Correct!

False

false

Which groups of people DOESN'T Arnett's theory fit?

Correct!

Young people who do not attend college after high school

Young people who attend college after high school

a

The ability of neural circuits to change in response to stimulation is _______

neuroplasticity

Writing about her trip to Cambodia, journalist Mary Pilon complained that tourists were so preoccupied with snapping photos to share that they were ________

forgetting to eat

not present

paying extra money for the best views

having car accidents

no present

Socrates thought that reading would ________

make people stupid

make people angry

disrupt the social structure of Greece

transform the world Socrates thought that reading would ________

make people stupid

make people angry

disrupt the social structure of Greece

transform the world

make people stupid

In his book on the Internet's effect on the brain, technology writer Nicholas Carr wrote that repeated interruptions to post and track photo images does what 3 things. 1.scatter our thoughts; 2. weaken our memory; and 3. ____________

make us violent

make us question authority

make us fearful of others

make us tense and anxious In his book on the Internet's effect on the brain, technology writer Nicholas Carr wrote that repeated interruptions to post and track photo images does what 3 things. 1.scatter our thoughts; 2. weaken our memory; and 3. ____________

make us violent

make us question authority

make us fearful of others

make us tense and anxious

makes us tense and anxious

When it was first learned that after being banned, thalidomide was back on the market, the Thalidomide Victims Association did not protest.

You Answered

True

False

true

According to the article, "The Woman Who Stood Between America and an Epidemic of Birth Defects," one reason that Frances Kelsey was able to closely examine the New Drug Application for Kevadon (the US trade name for thalidomide) was that

Kevadon was singled out for close examination after its effects in England and Canada became known

She had a special interest in thalidomide because of a relative in England who had taken it.

She was believed to have a more intense interest because she was a woman of child-bearing age

You Answered

It was one of Kelsey's early assignments and she did not have a backlog of other work to complete

asdjk

In 1964, an Israeli doctor found that thalidomide eased the symptoms of

macular degeneration

malaria

You Answered

leprosy

cancer

leprosy

When the company trying to release Kevadon (thalidomide) finally withdrew its FDA application, ___________patients had been prescribed the drug in the US.

about 10,000

You Answered

up to 20,000

less than 1,000

about 2,500

up to 20,000

According to the article, "The Woman Who Stood Between America and an Epidemic of Birth Defects," Frances Kelsey speculated that she obtained her first research assistantship because

You Answered

the scientist who hired her originally thought she was a man

she graduated at the top of her class

she was from a prestigious university

her graduate advisor was close friends with the man who hired her

a

According to the doctor in the New York Times video report on thalidomide, a drug that has powerful negative effects can be ______

Effectively banned

Used to reform our drug approval processes

Used as an example of poor science

You Answered

Also used for good

also used for good

Before she joined the FDA, Kelsey's work with ________helped her understand the effect of drugs on embryos

mice

dogs

dolphins

You Answered

rabbits

rabbits

According to the article, Kelsey became suspicious of the effects of Kevadon (thalodimide) when she saw evidence that it caused nerve damage. At this time, thalidomide was being used in _____ other countries

More than 30

More than 50

You Answered

More than 40

More than 20

more than 40

How much of the National Institutes of Health budget goes to the Institute on Aging?

10%

30%

1%

3%

3%

deGrey's approach to extending human life is to _____________________

Use medical treatments to periodically repair cell damage before it causes disease

Slow the metabolic processes that cause aging

Quickly address the effects of diseases after they occur

Focus on prenatal development to ensure that when children are born they are as healthy as possible

a

deGrey's "preventive maintenance" approach to extending human life involves 4 basic steps, which he boils down to 1. replace; 2. remove; 3. _________; and 4. reinforce.

remodel

recreate

repair

reproduce

repair

Based on the study by researchers in Pittsburg, 6-year-olds born to mothers who had smoked one or more marijuana cigarettes every day in the first trimester of their pregnancy ___________.

were more aggressive than other children

Correct!

were less able to understand concepts in listening and reading

were more impulsive than other children

were less aggresive than other children

b

Prenatal marijuana use does not seem to be associated with birth defects.

Correct!

True

False

true

According to the Pittsburg study cited in the article you read in class, children of mothers who used marijuana heavily in the first trimester ___________.

Correct!

had lower scores in reading, math and spelling at age 14 than their peers

had lower rates of college attendance than their peers

were more likely to be held back a grade by the time they were in high school than their peers

were less likely to act out in class, but more likely to fall asleep

a

According to the pamphlet, what amount of alcohol is safe for mothers to drink while pregnant?

1/2 drink per day

Correct!

None

1-2 drinks per week

none

What were Robinson et al.'s (2010) and O'Callaghan et al.'s (2007) findings regarding alcohol use during pregnancy and child IQ and behavior problems?

No clear evidence was found for negative effects of heavy use.

Correct!

Light alcohol use is not associated with child IQ and behavior problems.

No amount of alcohol is safe.

b

The authors define resilience as "positive ...despite exposure to experiences" (Kim-Cohen & Gold, 2009, p. 138).

This is a quote - in order to get full points on this question you must fill in the words EXACTLY as in the article. This includes spelling and capitalization. Canvas will mark it wrong if there are extra spaces around the word. Accurately quoting material is an important part of academic integrity. Inaccurately quoting can be misrepresentation and plagiarism.

adaptation, adverse effects

The authors define positive adaptation as

possessing 5-HTT "short" allele

possessing 5-HTT "short" allele and low expression of MAOA

low expression of MAOA

Correct!

absence of psychopathology and presence of competence

absence of psychopathology

presence of competence

d

Gene by environment interactions are denoted as g x e .

Put these in the order in which they are presented in the article.

Answer 1:

Correct!

g

Answer 2:

Correct!

e

The authors state, "variation in specific genes moderates the impact of environmental risks on psychopathology (or vice versa), such that risk-exposed individuals who carry the 'protective' version (or allele) of the gene have significantly reduced levels of psychopathology compared to comparably risk-exposed individuals with the 'vulnerable' allele" (Kim-Cohen & Gold, 2009, p. 138).

Unpack this quote by defining these words:

Correct!

moderate

Correct!

psychopathology

Correct!

allele

verb; mental health symptoms; version of a gene

The authors state, "variation in specific genes moderates the impact of environmental risks on psychopathology (or vice versa), such that risk-exposed individuals who carry the 'protective' version (or allele) of the gene have significantly reduced levels of psychopathology compared to comparably risk-exposed individuals with the 'vulnerable' allele" (Kim-Cohen & Gold, 2009, p. 138).

Put this quote into words you could explain to a friend or someone who hasn't studied lifespan development:

The effect of for future health symptoms depends on which version of the you have.

maltreatment, mental, gene

What is epistasis?

gxe

gene by environment interaction

Correct!

gene by gene interaction

exe

environment by environment interaction

gene by gene interaction

Maltreated children with low expression of had significantly higher levels of antisocial behavior in adolescence and adulthood than maltreated children with expression of the gene.

Answer 1:

Correct!

low

Answer 2:

Correct!

MAOA

Answer 3:

Correct!

higher

Answer 4:

Correct!

higher

Among people who experienced stressful life events or child maltreatment, those with or copies of the 5-HTT " " allele had more depressive symptoms, higher rates of diagnosable depresssion , and more .

Answer 1:

Correct!

1

Answer 2:

Correct!

2

Answer 3:

Correct!

short

Answer 4:

Correct!

depressive

Answer 5:

Correct!

depresssion

Answer 6:

Correct!

suicidality

BUT: in both of these studies, the genes (5-HTT and MAOA) had no association with mental health outcomes in individuals who had not been exposed to stressful life events or child maltreatment.

Correct!

True

False

true

That is, it ________ matter which version of MAOA or 5-HTT a person had if she or he didn't experience maltreatment or a major stressor.

Correct!

doesn't

does

doesn't

There wasn't a or protective version of the gene if the person didn't have the "risk" of or major .

Answer 1:

Correct!

vulnerable

Answer 2:

Correct!

maltreatment

Answer 3:

Correct!

stressor

Does experiencing any major stressor in combination with carrying the "vulnerable" allele mean the person will likely develop psychopathology?

Correct!

No

Yes

no

The authors summarize a study by Cicchetti and colleagues (2007). In Cicchetti et al.'s study, they found that participants who experienced multiple different and certain specific types of maltreatment, such as sexual abuse, and the vulnerable version of the gene reported especially high levels of mental health symptoms.

Answer 1:

Correct!

multiple

Answer 2:

Correct!

sexual

What's an example of how other, nongenetic influences might affect gXe?

Having a relationship with an adult protected maltreated children from developing depression, even among those who had the version of the gene.

Answer 1:

Correct!

supportive

Answer 2:

Correct!

adult

Answer 3:

Correct!

vulnerable

The authors make connections across a set of studies and propose that the low-activity MAOA allele and the 5-HTT short allele are associated with being more ______ to fear- or anger-provoking stimuli, like maltreatment.

immune

dysthymic

Correct!

reactive

invulnerable

reactive

For scenario #1 with the brother and sister fighting over the TV remote, taking away TV time would be what type of response?

positive

negative

neutral

operant

negative

Related to the previous question, why is it considered to be "negative."

It involves the use of a negative emotion

It will make the other sibling feel bad

It shows that you are the disciplinarian

It involves taking away a pleasant stimulus

it involves taking away a pleasant stimulus

With scenario #1, if both siblings were given their own time to watch what every they wanted, that would be a(n) __________response.

positive

negative

neutral

operant

positive

Concerning scenario #2 involving your friend eating peanuts, you want to weaken the behavior. In operant conditioning terms, this is called:

reinforcement

punishment

discipline

control

punishment

If negative punishment weakens a behavior, then positive punishment strengthens a behavior.

True

False

false

Based on the longevity calculator we used, chose all of the following things that Charlie could do to increase his life expectancy:

Make healthier diet choices

Adopt another cat

Visit the doctor for regular check-ups

Find a designated driver when he goes out

make healthier diet choices, visit the doctor for regular check-ups, find a designated driver when he goes out