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A set of vocabulary flashcards covering bones, muscles, joints, and excretory system terms for Year 9 Biology revision.
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Skeleton
The body’s framework of bones that provides support, protection, shape and a surface for muscle attachment.
Axial Skeleton
The part of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Appendicular Skeleton
The part of the skeleton made up of the limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic).
Femur
The thigh bone; the longest and strongest bone in the human body.
Tibia
The larger, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg, commonly called the shinbone.
Pelvis
The basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and houses organs of the lower abdomen.
Humerus
The bone of the upper arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.
Vertebrae
Individual bones that make up the spine, protecting the spinal cord.
Cranium
The portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.
Sternum
The flat bone in the centre of the chest to which the ribs attach anteriorly.
Rib Cage
The set of ribs that protects the heart and lungs and assists breathing.
Phalanges
The bones of the fingers and toes.
Metacarpals
The five long bones in the hand located between the wrist and the fingers.
Metatarsals
The long bones in the foot located between the tarsals and the phalanges.
Tarsals
The seven ankle bones that connect the foot to the lower leg.
Joint
A point where two or more bones meet, allowing movement.
Tendon
Strong, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Ligament
Tough connective tissue that connects bone to bone at a joint.
Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue that reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints.
Antagonistic Pair
Two muscles that work opposite each other; as one contracts, the other relaxes (e.g., biceps and triceps).
Biceps
The muscle on the front of the upper arm that flexes the elbow.
Triceps
The muscle on the back of the upper arm that extends the elbow.
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary muscle attached to bones and responsible for body movement.
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart and responsible for pumping blood.
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in walls of internal organs such as the intestines and blood vessels.
Voluntary Muscle
Muscle whose movement is consciously controlled (primarily skeletal muscle).
Involuntary Muscle
Muscle that works automatically without conscious control (cardiac and smooth muscle).
Flexion
A bending movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
Extension
A straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.
Calcium
The mineral stored in bones that provides hardness and is essential for muscle contraction and nerve function.
Kidney
An excretory organ that filters blood to produce urine and maintain water and salt balance.
Nephron
The microscopic filtering unit of the kidney where blood filtration and urine formation occur.
Ureter
The tube that carries urine from a kidney to the bladder.
Bladder
The muscular sac that stores urine before it is expelled from the body.
Urethra
The tube through which urine leaves the body from the bladder.
Excretion
The removal of metabolic wastes (such as urea, excess water, and salts) from the body.
Urine
The liquid waste produced by the kidneys, containing urea, water, salts, and other dissolved substances.
Hinge joint
Back and forth movement
Saddle joint
Allows movement back and forth in 2 different directions
Ball and socket
Allows full rotation movement
Pivot