Year 9 Biology – Skeleton, Muscles & Excretion

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A set of vocabulary flashcards covering bones, muscles, joints, and excretory system terms for Year 9 Biology revision.

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41 Terms

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Skeleton

The body’s framework of bones that provides support, protection, shape and a surface for muscle attachment.

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Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

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Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeleton made up of the limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic).

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Femur

The thigh bone; the longest and strongest bone in the human body.

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Tibia

The larger, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg, commonly called the shinbone.

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Pelvis

The basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and houses organs of the lower abdomen.

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Humerus

The bone of the upper arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.

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Vertebrae

Individual bones that make up the spine, protecting the spinal cord.

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Cranium

The portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.

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Sternum

The flat bone in the centre of the chest to which the ribs attach anteriorly.

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Rib Cage

The set of ribs that protects the heart and lungs and assists breathing.

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Phalanges

The bones of the fingers and toes.

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Metacarpals

The five long bones in the hand located between the wrist and the fingers.

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Metatarsals

The long bones in the foot located between the tarsals and the phalanges.

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Tarsals

The seven ankle bones that connect the foot to the lower leg.

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Joint

A point where two or more bones meet, allowing movement.

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Tendon

Strong, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

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Ligament

Tough connective tissue that connects bone to bone at a joint.

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Cartilage

Flexible connective tissue that reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints.

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Antagonistic Pair

Two muscles that work opposite each other; as one contracts, the other relaxes (e.g., biceps and triceps).

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Biceps

The muscle on the front of the upper arm that flexes the elbow.

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Triceps

The muscle on the back of the upper arm that extends the elbow.

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Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle attached to bones and responsible for body movement.

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Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart and responsible for pumping blood.

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Smooth Muscle

Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in walls of internal organs such as the intestines and blood vessels.

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Voluntary Muscle

Muscle whose movement is consciously controlled (primarily skeletal muscle).

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Involuntary Muscle

Muscle that works automatically without conscious control (cardiac and smooth muscle).

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Flexion

A bending movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.

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Extension

A straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.

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Calcium

The mineral stored in bones that provides hardness and is essential for muscle contraction and nerve function.

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Kidney

An excretory organ that filters blood to produce urine and maintain water and salt balance.

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Nephron

The microscopic filtering unit of the kidney where blood filtration and urine formation occur.

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Ureter

The tube that carries urine from a kidney to the bladder.

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Bladder

The muscular sac that stores urine before it is expelled from the body.

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Urethra

The tube through which urine leaves the body from the bladder.

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Excretion

The removal of metabolic wastes (such as urea, excess water, and salts) from the body.

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Urine

The liquid waste produced by the kidneys, containing urea, water, salts, and other dissolved substances.

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Hinge joint

Back and forth movement

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Saddle joint

Allows movement back and forth in 2 different directions

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Ball and socket

Allows full rotation movement

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Pivot