Ch 13: Circulatory System

what encloses the heart

pericardium which is a fluid-filled sac

how are theh left and right sides of the heart divided

by a spetum

which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood

right

which side of the heart has oxygenated blood

left

which has higher pressure atrium or ventricle

ventricle has higher pressure (need to go to whole body)

what are the four valves in the heart (know location)

• pulmonary

• tricuspid

• bicuspid (mitral)

• aortic

number of heart chamber in fish

2

number of heart chamber in amphibian

3

number of heart chambers in reptiles

3

number of heart chambers in croc + alligator

4

number of heart chambers in birds and mammals

4

where is the lowest oxygen concentration

pulmonary artery

pulmonary circulation process

• pulmonary valve

• right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

• reoxygenated at the capillaries in lungs

• travels back to heart via pulmonary veins to left atrium

systemic circulation process

• left atria to left ventricle (mitral/bicuspid valve)

• aortic valve, aorta to whole body

• capillaries where carbon dioxide and waste picked up

• vein carry back and to superior and inferior vena cave which empty into right atrium

what is systole

heart contract and pump blood out

what is diastole

heart relax

where are pacemaker cells found

SA node and are capable of making own electricity

where is SA node located

right atrium upper wall

how are pacemaker cells electrically transmiteed

via gap junctions and cells are seperated by intercalated discs

conduction pathway heart

• SA node (contract both atria)

• AV node (delay signal)

• Bundle of His (between ventricles)

• Purkinje fibers

how do purkinje fibers innervate

bottom up and contracts both ventricles simultaneously

what is QRS wave doing

ventricular depolarization

what is T wave doing

ventricular repolarization

cardiac output equation

CO = stroke volume x heart rate

what is stroke volume

volume of blood discharged from the ventricles with each contraction

stroke volume equation

stroke volume = end diastolic volume = end systolic volume

• before - end of contraction

blood pressure equation

BP = cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

what is the primary way to regulate blood pressure

through arterioles which constrict and dilate

what vessel has the greatest total surface area and cross-sectional area

capillaries

what are the two blood pressure forces

• hydrostatic pressure (fluid against vessel wall)

• oncotic pressure (pulling fluid twoards themselves)

what end has net filtration

arteriole end

what end has net reabsorption

venous end

what directs blood flow

precapillary sphincter

what is the goal of fetal circulation

to get to placenta

ductus venosus

connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

• exists for oxygenated blood to bypass liver

foramen ovale

hole in septum between two atria

• bypasses lungs

ductus arteriosus

• some blood does not go through formanen ovale and goes here

• links pulmonary artery and aorta

if BP too high will body expel more or less urine

more

what is the liquid part of blood called

plasma

agglutination

clumping of blood cells through antibody reaction

Universal recipient blood

AB +

universal blood donor

O-

what happens when too much acid in blood

acid combines with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid

what is the intracellular buffer

phosphate buffering system

what is the first barrier in the blood brain barrier

tight junctions

Clotting cascade

• platelet

• convert prothrombin to thrombin (positive feedback)

• catalyze fibrinogen to fibrin

what is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors

Vitamin K

how to dissolve clots

plasminogen to plasmin (fibrinolysis = fibrin breakdown)

The blood from the human right ventricle enters the …

pulmonary artery

Which of the following occurs when the impulse of the AV node is delayed in the heart?

atria empty their blood

where is AV node located

right atrium

Which of the following occurs in the capillaries of humans referencing BP

BP decrease

do capillaries have valves

no

Capillaries are made up of a single layer of _______ cells

endothelial