biology final exam

in a certain species of salmon, some adult males are extremely large whereas other adult males are very small, compared to the females. there are no intermediate sized-adult males in the population this is probably due to

disruptive selection

which of the following is not an assumption for hardy-weinberg equilibrium

small population size

in a hardy-weinberg population, the frequency of the a allele is 0.4. what is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype

0.48

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

genetic variation

the sum of all alleles in all loci in a population

gene pool

a group of organisms in an area that have the potential to interbreed

population

changes in allele frequency in a population over generations

microevolution

a trait that is either present or absent

discrete character

a trait that varies along a gradient, such as height

quantitative character

a farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. for the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. which of these statements explains why the pigweed reappeared?

triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to surive and reproduce

natural selection operates at what level of biological organization

the population

in general, each species of fruit fly found in the hawaiian archipelago is restricted to a single island. one hypothesis to explain this pattern is that new species formed after a small number of flies colonized each new island. this mechanism is called

the founder effect

evidence that supports the theory of evolution is found in the studies of:

• artificial selection

• biochemistry

• embryos

• all of these

• fossils

all of these

__________ is a very strong oxidizing agent

H2O is split by enzymes, and the electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to P680+, thus reducing it to P680.

_________ is released as a by-product of this reaction

P680+, O2

this is the reaction of photosynthesis:

6 CO2 + 12 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to carbon dioxide, what kind of reaction is that (redox or oxidation)

redox

in what stage of photosynthesis are water molecules split, atp and nadph formed, and oxygen is released?

stage name and where it takes place in the cell

light reactions, thylakoid membrane

________ catalyzed by the enzyme _______ is the one of the most abundant _________. the __________ function is used here

ribulose, rubisco, protein, carboxylase

the light reactions also generate _________ using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, a process called __________

atp, photophosphorylation

_____________, the most common photosynthetic pigment absorbes _________________ light and reflects ________ light

chlorophyll a, violet-blue and red, green

true or false: at the end of the citric acid cycle we get 6 nadh, 2 fadh2, and the equivalent of 2 atp

false

after glycolysis, pyruvate is sent to the ______ in eukaryotes

mitochondria

after glycosis, pyruvate stays in ________ of prokaryotes

cytoplasm

true or false: darwin’s theory of evolution means of natural selection relies solely on chance

false

match the line of evidence for evolution with the example from the lecture: sugar gliders and flying squirrels live in forests on opposite ends of the world

convergent evolution

match the line of evidence for evolution with the example from the lecture: basilosaurus, a transitional cetacean

fossil evidence

match the line of evidence for evolution with the example from the lecture: whales’ fins, bat’s wings, and cat’s paws all have the same bones

homology

match the line of evidence for evolution with the example from the lecture: islands have many endemic species that are similar to species found on the nearest large landmass

biogeography

match the line of evidence for evolution with the example from the lecture: the nucelotide sequence of genes are more similar in organisms sharing a more recent ancester

dna

match the line of evidence for evolution with the example from the lecture: mrsa strains are becoming more abundant

direct observation

which of the following was not one of darwin’s observations

random chance molds organisms to their environment

which of the following is not one of darwin’s inference

favorable traits will arise spontaneously by mutation

watson and crick (and franklin and wilkins) showed all of the following about dna except:

helicase unwinds dna in replication

match the enzymes listed with their function in dna replication: unzips the dna molecule

helicase

match the enzymes listed with their function in dna replication: adds dna nucleotides

dna polymerase iii

match the enzymes listed with their function in dna replication: removes rna primers and replaces with dna nucleotides

dna polymerase i

match the enzymes listed with their function in dna replication: finishes removing primers by repairing the sugar phosphate backbone

ligase

match the enzymes listed with their function in dna replication: adds rna nucleotides to form a 3’-OH group

primase

match the term with the descriptive phrase: contains okazaki fragments

lagging strand

match the term with the descriptive phrase: have CG-rich repeated sequences

telomeres

match the term with the descriptive phrase: are dna-histone complexes

nucleosomes

match the term with the descriptive phrase: an enzyme that prevents erosion of the ends of chromosomes

telomerase

which statement best describes the “particulate” nature of genes?

forms of genes are present or absent, though genes that are present may be masked

what mendel called “true breeding” we now call

homozygous

when medel crossed true breeding purple-flowered plants with true breeding white-flowered plants (P generation), what did he observe in the subsequent generation (F1)?

all purple-flowered plants

when mendel self-pollinated plants of the F1 generation from the previous question, what was his observation (in the F2 generation)?

3:1 purple to white-flowered plants

different forms of the same gene we call

alleles

mendel found that different versions of the same gene separate when the parent produces gametes. this is the law of

segregation

match the terms below with their definitions: one allele masks the appearance of another allele

complete dominance

match the terms below with their definitions: two alleles of the gene are expressed simultaneously, such that the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype

incomplete dominance

match the terms below with their definitions: multiple alleles can be expressed simultaneously

codominance

match the terms below with their definitions: one genotype can affect many aspects of phenotype

pleiotropy

match the terms below with their definitions: two or more genes can affect a single phenotype

epistasis

ecology is the scientific study of

abundance and distribution

the symbols +, -, and o are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. the symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and o denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. the first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned.

cattle egrets (cattle birds) live together with grazing cattle. when cattle move, insects are flushed out which let egrets see and eat them. while egrets do nothing for the cattle, which interactions exist between the cattle egret and grazing cattle?

+/o

two species of squirrels live on either side of the grand canyon. it is believed that a long time ago, before being separated by the canyon, they were the same species. this is an example of

allopatric speciation

coral reef communities have a special relationship between coral and algae. coral lives with unicellular algae by supplying some nutrients, in return, algae carries out photsynthesis to provide organic food for corals. what ecological relationship is being described?

mutualism

which of the following is an example of a commensalism?

cattle egrets eating insects stirred up by grazing bison

which of the following animals is typical in savanna ?

elephant

in the open sea, which of the following is the main primary producer?

phytoplankton

at what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

prophase i

when an animal zygote is formed, what type of cell division occurs next?

mitosis

consider an animal cell where n = 3. match the arrangement of chromosomes with the stage of cell division: six sets of chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

metaphase of mitosis

consider an animal cell where n = 3. match the arrangement of chromosomes with the stage of cell division: three pairs of homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plane

metaphase of meiosis i

consider an animal cell where n = 3. match the arrangement of chromosomes with the stage of cell division: three pairs of sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate

metaphase of meiosis ii

which of the following does not contribute to new combination of genes in offspring?

separation of sister chromatids in mitosis

true or false: sex chromosomes are not strictly homologous, (an x chromosome has different genes than a y chromosome), but they act as if they are homologous during meiosis

true

true or false: in meiosis, only one division results in two genetically identical daughter cells and in mitosis, two divison (reductive division) and results in up to four genetically distinct daughter cells.

false

dna replication produces two identical dna molecules called _____ which separate during mitosis

sister chromatids

which of the following process may contribute to cells becoming cancerous

• external growth factors

• loss of density dependent inhibition

• production of growth factors by the cells themselves

• loss of anchorage dependent inhibition

• all of these

all of these

what is metastasis?

the process where cancerous cells or growth factors spread throughout the body

true or false: bacteria divide by mitosis

false

match the stage of mitosis to the process described: telophase

nuclear envelopes reform

match the stage of mitosis to the process described: anaphase

sister chromatids separate

match the stage of mitosis to the process described: prophase

chromatin condenses into chromosomes

match the stage of mitosis to the process described: interphase

dna is replicated

match the stage of mitosis to the process described: cytokinesis

organelles are distributed to daughter cells

the cells labeled “b” are in which phase of mitosis?

prophase

what is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms

a cell

to see the ultrastructure (organelles) of cells, electron microscopes are used. match the type of electron microscopy to its description: a two-dimensional (flat) view through a specimen

transmission

to see the ultrastructure (organelles) of cells, electron microscopes are used. match the type of electron microscopy to its description: a 3-dimensional view of the surfaces of cell structures

scanning

to separate a cell’s components by fractionation, each round of spinning is _______. (faster and slower are the rate of rotation (rpm) and longer and slower are the period of time for spinning).

faster and longer

which of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells

membrane bound organelles

which of the following is not eukaryotic

archaea

match the universal cell component to its definition: semi-fluid substance inside of cell

cytosol

match the universal cell component to its definition: dna molecule or molecules, contain genes

chromosomes

match the universal cell component to its definition: boundary of cellular contents, made of phospholipid bilayer and proteins

plasma membrane

match the universal cell component to its definition: organelle of protein synthesis

ribosomes

which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is false?

they never have cell walls

true or false: a prokaryotic cell has no mitochondria or chloroplasts

true

true or false: a plant cell has no mitochondria, only chloroplasts

false

match the component of the nucleus to its description: compacted dna and proteins

chromosomes

match the component of the nucleus to its description: uncompacted dna and proteins

chromatin

match the component of the nucleus to its description: lining of the membrane of the nucleus

lamina

match the component of the nucleus to its description: the double layer of membranes surrouding the genetic material

envelope

match the component of the nucleus to its description: a complex of proteins that allow material to enter and leave the nucleus

pore

ribosomes assemble what type of polymer

polypeptides/proteins

which organelles were thought to have evolved from independent, prokaryotic organism engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell? (select all that apply and only those that apply)

• mitochondria

• golgi apparatus

• ribosomes

• chloroplasts

• smooth er

• rough er

mitochondria and chloroplasts

select all the parts of the endomembrane system. do not select any of the organelles that are not part of the endomembrane system.

• lysosomes

• plasma membrane

• nuclear envelope

• ribosomes

• smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

• mitochondria

• golgi apparatus

• vacuoles

lysosomes, plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and vacuoles

select all functions of the smooth er:

• protein synthesis

• synthesize lipids

• carbohydrate metabolism

• store Ca2+ ions

• detoxify poisons

• dna storage

synthesize lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, store Ca2+ ions, and detoxify poisons

match the organelle to the function it performs: storage of dna

nucleus