Introduction to Urinalysis

what were the observed from the primitive style of urinalysis

color, turbidity, odor, volume, viscosity, and even sweetness

who,in the 5th century BCE, wrote a book on “uroscopy.”

hipporcrates

boiling discovered

albuminuria

who discovered albuminuria

frederik dekkers

what were the charlatans who tanked the credibility of urinalysis called

pisse prophets

The invention of the microscope in the 17th century led to

development by Thomas Addis of methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment.

introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination in 1827

richard bright

Two unique characteristics of a urine specimen account for this continued popularity

A urine specimen is readily available and easily collected and Urine contains information about the body’s metabolic function

continuously form urine as an ultrafiltrate of plasma.

kidney

In general, urine consists of

urea and organic and inorganic substances

a metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids,

urea

Other organic substances include primarily

uric acid and creatinine

Product of metabolism of creatine by muscles

creatinine

Product of breakdown of nucleic acid in food and cells

uric acid

The major inorganic solid dissolved in urine is

chloride, sodium, potassium

Factors that influence urine volume

fluid intake, fluid loss from non renal sources, variation of secretion of adh

the normal daily urine output is usually

1200 to 1500 ml daily

a decrease in urine output (less than 1 mL/kg/hr in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr in children, and less than 400 mL/day in adults),

oliguria

oliguria is typically seen in patients that are

dehyrdated due to vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration

oluguria can lead to

anuria

cessation of urine flow, may result from any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys.

anuria

The kidneys excrete two to three times more urine during the ___ than during the ___

day, night

An increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine is termed

nocturia

an increase in daily urine volume (greater than 2.5 L/day in adults and 2.5 to 3 mL/kg/day in children),

polyuria

polyuria is related to

diabetes mellitius and diabetes insipidus

The recommended capacity of the container is

50 ml

needed volume of urine for microscopic analysis

12 ml

time duration of urine sample

2 hours

the method of preservation used most routinely is

refrigeration at 2 to 8 c up to 24 hours