Psych 100 Units 1.1-3.2
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1-24 Chapter 1 25-74 Chapter 2 75-169 Chapter 3 (pay less attention to these, not all will be on the test)
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170 Terms
professional organization representing psychologists in the United States
focus on observing and controlling behavior
study of how biology influences behavior
perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual’s health
area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions
area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals
scientific study of development across a lifespan
long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate’s doctoral training
method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system
focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts
suffix that denotes “scientific study of”
study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
consistent pattern of thought and behavior
(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences
allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior
scientific study of the mind and behavior
(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research
area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
understanding the conscious experience through introspection
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design
observational research study focusing on one or a few people
tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion
purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
results are predicted based on a general premise
variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments
grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
researcher expectations skew the results of the study
objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research
able to be disproven by experimental results
inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population
(plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group
conclusions are drawn from observations
process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate
committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals
committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
observation of behavior in its natural setting
two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
subjects of psychological research
article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in
two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
consistency and reproducibility of a given result
repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability
subset of individuals selected from the larger population
experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
electrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon
sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response
drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter
phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation
specific version of a gene
structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories
drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter
strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information
controls our internal organs and glands
major extension of the soma
view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems
region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production
brain and spinal cord
hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory
surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities
long strand of genetic information
imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area
thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain’s two hemispheres
branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons
helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs
disease related to insufficient insulin production
allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele
recording the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp
series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones
study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes
activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety