PSYC1200/ Chapter 6: Consciousness and Sleep

entrainment

synchronization between biological rhythms and external cues

the five steps of ___ ___ include:

1. Slowly changing levels of background illumination is detected by specialized ganglion cells of the retina

• Tells the brain that the light is getting dimmer

2. Light signals communicated to the brain via the optic nerve to the optic chiasm

3. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) situated above optic chiasm receives light information

4. SCN stimulates pineal gland to stimulate release of melatonin

5. Melatonin accumulated with darkness and onset of sleep

internal desynchronization

describes when our normal routine changes and affect our usual patterns

west east

it is harder to adjust when travelling from ___ to ___ because we have to force our bodies to go to sleep earlier

seasonal affective disorder

mood disorder characterized by depression during winter

• caused by lack of sunlight, vitamin D, and a disruption of the sleep-wake cycle

beta waves

brain wave patterns that occur in awake, alert individuals

stage 1 non-rem

§  stage of sleep in which brain waves slow down dramatically

• Highly sensitive to loud noises, and it’s easy to wake up

• Takes 20 mins to go from alpha to theta waves

alpha waves

brain waves in stage 1 non-rem phase of sleep

stage 2 non-rem

stage of sleep in brain continues to slow down

• comprised of sleep spindles and k-complexes

theta waves

brain waves most commonly found during stage 2 of non-rem sleep

deep sleep

during stage 3 and 4 of non-rem sleep we enter ___ ___

rapid eye movement

REM stands for ___ ___ ___

paradoxical sleep

REM is also known as ___ ___, because brain waves during this stage mimics the pattern of brains when awake

restore and repair hypothesis

hypothesis that states that we sleep so our body has time to restore energy levels and repair and wear and tear experienced during the day’s activities

preserve and protect hypothesis

hypothesis that suggests we sleep to preserve our energy, and protect our organs from harm

onset insomnia

sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep

maintenance insomnia

sleep disorder characterized by difficulty returning to sleep

terminal insomnia

sleep disorder characterized by waking up too early

primary insomnia

insomnia caused by internal sources like worrying

secondary insomnia

insomnia as a result of other disorders / illnesses

restless legs syndrome

sleep disorder characterized by persistent discomfort in the legs and the urge to continuously shift them into different positions

REM behaviour disorder

sleep disorder characterized by an individual acting out their dreams

• caused by a failure to inhit motor signals during REM sleep

sleepwalking

also called somnambulism

• a sleep disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

  • can happen during any stage of sleep (not REM specific

sleep apnea

sleep disorder characterized by a temporary inability to breath during sleep as airways become obstructed

narcolepsy

sleep disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks

complex tasks

REM sleep facilitates learning specific to ___ ___ such as driving

autobiographical memories

stage 3/4 of sleep is important in retaining ___ ___

• due to neural replay

manifest content

frued’s dream theories:

• the images and storylines we dream about

latent content

frued’s dream theories

• the symbolic meaning of our dreams

problem-focused approach

____-____ ____ on dreaming state that dreams reflect the conscious preoccupations (relationships, work, sex, or health) of our waking life

• least accurate dream theory

cognitive approach

dream theory that emphasizes current concerns, but has no claim in problem-solving during sleep

• states that we think while we are dreaming, but without any input from the outer world

• the most widely accepted theory

activation-synthesis theory

dream theory that states that dreams occur strictly as a result of cortex trying to make sense of spontaneous neural firings from the pons

• states that our dreams have no relation to our day-to-day life

• looks strictly at the physiological processes that happen in our sleep

dissociation theory

____ ____ is the leading explanation of hypnosis that involves dissociation. a split in consciousness

• can also be described as a split between the executive control system in the brain (hidden observer), and other brain systems responsible for thinking and acting

sociocognitive explanation

theory of hypnosis that regards hypnosis as a product of normal social and cognitive processes:

• in this theory, hypnosis is a form of roleplay, and the participant acts in a way that they believe the hypnotist will want them to