Practical Nursing Review: Structure & Function, Cells, Electrolytes, & Major Systems

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and concepts related to the structure and function of the human body, essential electrolytes, and major body systems, aiding in exam review for practical nursing.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Cell membrane

Controls entry/exit of substances in and out of the cell.

Mitochondria

Produces energy (ATP) for the cell.

Electrolyte

Minerals in the body that have an electric charge and are essential for various functions.

Sodium (Na)

Normal range: 135–145 mEq/L; primary functions include fluid balance and nerve/muscle function.

Potassium (K)

Normal range: 3.5–5.0 mEq/L; critical for heart rhythm and muscle contraction.

Calcium (Ca²)

Normal range: 8.5–10.5 mg/dL; essential for bone strength and muscle contraction.

Compact Bone

Dense bone that provides strength and structure.

Spongy Bone

Lighter bone that contains red marrow for blood cell production.

Diaphragm

Muscle that assists in the process of breathing by contracting and relaxing.

Systemic Circulation

The part of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

Hypokalemia

Condition of having lower than normal potassium levels.

Hypernatremia

Condition of having higher than normal sodium levels.

Cardiac Cycle

The sequence of events in the heart from the start of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next.

Pulmonary Circulation

The part of the cardiovascular system that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.