APUSH - Market Revolution

What did the market revolution regionally link?

Linked the northern industries with western and southern farms.

What advancements led to the geographic linking during the market revolution?

Agriculture, industry, transportation technology.

How did the market revolution transform farms?

small-scale family farms into large scale farming.

How did the market revolution transform towns?

rural towns into urban centers

How did the market revolution transform production?

small scale production into mass production

How did the market revolution transform markets?

Local trade/markets into national and international markets.

What were some technological factors for the market revolution?

Transportation, agriculture, industry.

What were some examples of transportation factors for the market revolution? And what did they do?

canals, roads, steam ships; link markets

What were some examples of industrial factors for the market revolution? And what did they do?

factories; mass production

What were some examples of agricultural factors for the market revolution? And what did they do?

reaper & tractor; mass production of food

What are 3 contributing factors to the market revolution?

technology, regional specialization, population increase

How was regional specialization a contributing factor to the market revolution?

Created distinct economies in north, south, and west.

What were some examples of population factors for the market revolution? And what did they do?

Immigration, rising birth rates; labor

What were two immigration populations during this time?

Irish, Germans

What were the values of the north?

Industrial, manufacturing, business & banking, big cities, immigrants, industrial immigrant workers, wage labor

What were the values of the south?

Agriculture (cotton), rural, slave labor, “southern way” - White supremacy, gentlemen & belles

What were the values of the west?

Rugged individualism, cowboys, freedom and independence, future of promise

What were the 3 major impacts on the north?

rapid urbanization/industrialization, immigrant population

What came out of the rapid urbanization in the north?

urban problems, slums, drunkenness

What were the 3 major impacts on the midwest?

large-scale farming, technological advancements, national markets.

What did large-scale farming in the midwest lead to?

mass production

What did technological advancements in the midwest lead to?

reaper & steel plow, improved transportation

What were some of the major impacts on the south?

Cotton gin

What did the cotton gin, in the south, lead to?

growth of slavery, reinforced hierarchy

What were the 3 causes of immigration?

lots of land in the U.S, Jobs in factories, american freedom and oppurtunity, irish potato famine.

What was the economic impact of immigration before 1860?

provided labor, built infrastructure, increased agricultural output, grew consumer base, fueled economic expansion.

Explain nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment, american born vs. immigrants.

Fears that drove nativism?

“Take jobs” from native born, would “out vote” native born, will ruin american culture, anti- catholic

Where did Irish immigrants settle in America?

Boston & NY

What types of jobs did Irish immigrants acquire in immigrant?

Low wage jobs

What was a major event with Irish immigrants and African-Americans?

Race riots with African Americans

What were Irish immigrants victims of?

Prejudice

Why were the reason(s) Irish immigrants faced prejudice?

Nativism, poor & catholic

What political party and figure did the Irish immigrants support?

democrats, Tammy Hall

Describe the Germans.

Diverse group, skilled workers, mixed religions and social class

Where did germans settle and as what kind of community?

midwest, close-knit

What were some factors for germans to immigrate into America?

economic hardship, political unrest, religious freedom

What did these immigrant groups do to America ethnically?

More ethnically diverse

What were the economic impacts of immigration before 1860?

provided labor, built infrastructure, increased agricultural output, grew consumer base, fueled economic expansion

Who are the “know nothings?”

Nativist political party

What was the know nothing stance?

To restrict immigration

Who was the father of the factory system in 1790?

Samuel Slater

What did samuel slater contribute?

Memorized plans for machinery from england, slater mill, rhode island

Who created contributed to the creation of interchangeable parts?

Eli Whitney

What did interchangeable parts allow for?

Greater efficiency

Who created the telegraph?

Samuel Morse

How did factory work change daily life in the North?

Semi-subsistence agriculture to wage worker, longer hours, low wages, dangerous work, women leave home to work in the city.

Describe Lowell Mills 1823.

Factory in Massachusetts, N.E farm daughters board and work

What did the Commonwealth v. Hunt case establish?

Labor unions are legal, workers are legally allowed to organize for better working conditions

What court was involved in the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt?

Massachusetts supreme court

What did change in production create?

Created need for labor organizations

Who did Lowell Mills employ?

Unmarried NE farm girls

NE farm girls employed in Lowell mills left farms to live in what?

boarding houses

Why did people want to work at Lowell Mills?

education and cultural opportunities

What were some of the conditions you would work under at Lowell mills?

long hours 12-14, harsh, noisy, factory conditions.

What kind of wages were offered at Lowell Mills?

low wages that offered some independence

What eventually replaced unmarried NE farm girls at Lowell Mills in the 1840s-50s?

Irish immigrant labor 

What were some transportation revolution examples?

Steam boats, roads and canals, railroads

Who invented the steam boat?

Robert Fulton 1807

What were some major roads and canals and the major event during the 1820-30s? Give dates for the roads and canals

cumberland road 1811, erie canal 1825, canal boom

What made railroads better than other forms of transportation at the time?

Faster, more reliable, cheaper

What controversy did transportation bring up as what was the impact?

Fed v. state pay, continental economy by 1860

Why did people move west?

more land, agriculture, productivity, escape from industrial slavery

What were some demands for westward expansion agriculture?

large scale agriculture required infrastructure, national markets

What were 2 major farming inventions and their dates?

McCormick Reaper 1830, John Deere Steel Plow 1837

Who created the Steel Plow?

John Deere

How did farming technology impact agriculture industry and national economy.

small scare subsistence to commercial farming, demand for more land, increased farmers’ debt, farmers’ success depend on big corporations

What were the big corporations that farmers success depend on?

banks and railroads

What was the main focus of the early midwest?

Pioneers (small scale farming)

What was the main focus of the late midwest?

wheat farming, meat packing

Who created the Cotton Gin 1793?

Eli Whitney

What was the cotton gin’s effect on the national economy?

Mass produce cotton lead to more pickers, demand for slaves to internal slave trade, major markets in britain and new england.

What were the impacts of market economy?

internal slave trade expands, subsistence farming and “putting-out system” to national network of industry and commerce, emergence and growth of big businesses.

What resulted after internal slave trade expanded?

demand for cotton sky-rockets for markets of britain and northeast us

What was the putting out system?

Families work at home making part of a product then sold the pieces to companies that completed the product

What was the factory system?

entire production process is in the factory, workers work all day in the factory

What was the pre-industrial division of labor?

artisans; craftsmen that work from their own shop or home; independence; leisure time mixed with work time; division of labor by family roles

What was the industrial division of labor?

wage worker “on the clock”; performed one small part of the manufacturing process; boss, manager, laborer.

What were the social impacts of the market economy?

changes in working class family, population boom in cities, growth of “middle class”

What were the changes in working class families?

Women go out to work, family business replaced by wage worker

What was a problem that arose from population boom in cities?

unsanitary living conditions

What were some impacts of market economy?

Urban problems as cities grew rapidly, social movements react to industrial ills

Describe market economy vs pre market economy

Movement away from producing for themselves on family farms (Jefferson ideal), movement toward producing for national and international markets.

What did the market revolution bring socially?

social mobility

Describe the new middle-class family.

“middle sort” lawyers, teachers, ministers, prosperous farmers, public officials, shop keeps, some would elevate and some would downgrade, people who moved up the social ladder became the “new middle-class”

What were the new middle class values?

sobriety and hard work/self-discipline and individualism, men became industrious and responsible, women became nurturing, gentle and moral

What did men do in the new middle class family structure?

work and provide for family

What did women do in the new middle class family structure?

manage home, take care of husband and kids

What did kids do in the new middle class family structure?

kids do well in school, learn manners and self-discipline

Who was Charles Finney?

Religious revivalist and leader of the second great awakening

What is transcendentalism?

Philosophical and literacy movement that believes real truth transcends the material world

Why did transcendentalism emerge at this period?

It emerged as a reaction against the Industrial Revolution, materialism, and strict religious doctrines. Thinkers like Emerson and Thoreau promoted individualism, intuition, nature, and self-reliance as a way to reconnect with spirituality and inner truth in an increasingly industrial and conformist society.

Name famous transcendentalists.

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller