FINAL EXAM

final L of the year!! hopefully...

New Deal

The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression

National Recovery Administration

New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Public Works Administration

New Deal agency that provided millions of jobs constructing public buildings

Tennessee Valley Authority

New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce cheap electric power

Dust Bowl

A nickname for the Great Plains regions hit by drought and dust storms in the early 1930s

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

Scottsboro case

Case in which nine black youths were convicted of raping two white women; in overturning the verdicts of this case, the Court established precedents in Powell v. Alabama (1932) that adequate counsel must be appointed in capital cases, and in Norris v. Alabama (1935) that African-Americans cannot be excluded from juries.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

A congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II.

Four Freedoms

Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

Good Neighbor Policy (FDR)

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

The program under which the US supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945.

Axis Powers (WWII)

Germany, Italy, Japan

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. One of the turning points of World War II.

Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

Bracero Program (1942-1964)

U.S. program initiated to allow male Mexican workers to work in the U.S. when labor was short in WWII.

Japanese-American Internment

the removal of Japanese Americans from the West to prison camps during World War II

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Ruled that American citizens of Japanese descent could be interned and deprived of basic constitutional rights due to executive order

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

United Nations (UN)

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

Cold War (1945-1991)

a conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years
- ideological war/war of ideas: capitalism (United States) vs. communism (Soviet Union)
- waged by political and economic means
- rivalry between the United States and the Soviets really began before the end of World War II

Containment Policy

US policy to stop expansion of Soviet Union and Communism

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

1949 alliance of capitalist nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved

Korean Conflict (1950-1953)

North Korea VS South Korea, with the United Nations intervening on behalf of SK. With the help of American force that landed at Inchon, the North was pushed to the Yalu River in NK. Here they were met by Chinese soldiers and were driven back to just below the original dividing line. The war ended with no change in land or power.

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. This act was Congress' response to the abuse of power. Outlawed closed shops; prohibited unions' unfair labor practices, and forced unions to bargain in good faith.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Levittown, NY

A New York town of mass-produced homes which became a symbol for many similar suburban Townsville during the post World War II (largely inhabited by veterans returning from WWII)

Urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Interstate Highway System

A system of limited access roadways that connects all major cities in the US. The system was designed to give troops faster routes to get to destinations across the US in the event of an attack on the US. The system's main purpose now is travel by civilians.

Sputnik (1957)

First man-made satellite put into orbit by the USSR. This caused fear in the US that the Soviets had passed them by in science & technology and the arms race. Democrats scorched the Republican administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower for allowing the United States to fall so far behind the communists. Eisenhower responded by speeding up the U.S. space program (NASA), which resulted in the launching of the satellite Explorer I on January 31, 1958. The "space race" had begun. In 1969, the US would land men on the moon, a major victory.

Massive Retaliation

A military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.

Geneva Accords, 1954

a 1954 peace agreement between Ho Chi Minh's communists and the French after the French loss at Dien Bien Phu that divided Vietnam into communist-controlled North and non-communist South until unification elections could be held in 1956. Diem cancelled the elections when he realized the communists would win, further escalating the violence.

Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County

A three-judge panel at the U.S. District Court unanimously rejected the students' request stating, "We have found no hurt or harm to either race." The school board was ordered to proceed with plans to equalize the African American students' school. When the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the ruling and ordered desegregation, white Virginians launched a campaign of massive resistance.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

a protest sparked by Rosa Park's defiant refusal to move to the back of the bus of black Alabamians against segregated seating on city buses. It lasted from December 1, 1955 until December 26, 1956, and became one of the foundational moments of the Civil Rights Movements. It led to the rise of Martin Luther King Jr., and ultimately to a Supreme Court decision opposing segregated busing

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Civil-rights organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King, Jr., and headed by him until his assassination in 1968. Composed largely of African-American clergy from the South and an outgrowth of the Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott that King had led, it advocated nonviolent passive resistance as the means of securing equality for African Americans. It sponsored the massive march on Washington in 1963.

Military-industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins, it challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.

Freedom Rides

1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses

March on Washington (1963)

250,000 people for a peaceful demonstration to promote Civil Rights and economic equality for African Americans. I have a dream speech was given here by Martin Luther King jr.

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

An unsuccessful action by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with support and encouragement from the U.S. government, in an attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

When the Soviet Union placed nuclear arms in Cuba the US was threatened. This initiated a stalemate between the Soviet Union and the US because each had the power to destroy each other.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

The Great Society, 1964-65

LBJ & Democratic social reforms that sought the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of FDR. Most important: Medicare (health care for those over 65), Medicaid (health care for poor, disabled)

War on Poverty (1964)

President Johnson's program to help Americans escape poverty through education, job training,
and community development.

Black Power Movement

founded by Stokely Carmichael, movement that called for African American independence

New Left Movement

Directly against capitalism and all the conformity of the 1950s and they fought it through sit-ins, protests, and violence.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. Led to massive escalation of Vietnam War.

Counterculture Movement

protest movement in the 1960s that rejected traditional American values and culture

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Stonewall Inn Riot

series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place on June 28, 1969. This was the first instance in American history when people in the homosexual community fought back government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities. Males in the bar would be arrested for being in drag clothing and the people had enough and decided to riot against the police.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

A coalition that fought for Indian rights guaranteed by treaties(broken by the U.S. government many, many times over) and better conditions and opportunities for American Indians.

Wounded Knee Occupation of 1973

Radical AIM members took over town of Wounded Knee, demanding changes in the reservation's administration

United Farm Workers Union

Founded by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huertas to fight for better working conditions and fair compensation for Mexican American agricultural workers.

Silent Spring (1962)

Book written by Rachel Carson, a Marine biologist who warned of the misuse of pesticides and their negative affects on the environment. The book is credited with starting the modern environmental movement.

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

Struck down state's law banning interracial marriage as violation of the 14th Amendment equal protection clause (Warren Court)

Roe v. Wade (1973)

The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

Tet Offensive (1968)

National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Title IX (1972)

No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

1972 talks between President Nixon and Secretary Brezhnev that resulted in the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (or SALT), which limited the quantity of nuclear warheads each nation could possess, and prohibited the development of missile defense systems.

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Pentagon Papers

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Watergate

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

Oil Embargo of 1973

Arab oil-producing nations halted the flow of oil to nations that supported Israel. Severely threatened European and world economy, so dependent on Middle East oil.

Helsinki Accords (1975)

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries.

Three Mile Island

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Camp David Accords (1978)

President Carter helped negotiate Middle East peace agreements between Jordan and Egypt and Israel

Reaganomics

the economic policies of the former US president Ronald Reagan, associated especially with the reduction of taxes and the promotion of unrestricted free-market activity.

Iran-Contra Affair (1986-1987)

scandal that erupted after the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms sales was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance. Talk of Reagan's impeachment ended when presidential aides took the blame for the illegal activity.

New World Order

President Bush's vision for world peace centering around the United States taking the lead to ensure that aggression be dealt with by a mutual agreement of the United Nations, NATO, and other countries acting in concert

Gulf War 1991

after Iraq invaded Kuwait, the US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation: Desert Storm

"Don't ask, don't tell"

the official United States policy on military service of non-heterosexual people, instituted during the Clinton administration. The policy was in effect from February 28, 1994, until September 20, 2011. The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement signed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 1992 to form the largest free trade zone in the world.

Oslo Accords (1993)

Settlements of pro-Israel, Americanized constructions where Israel agrees to let Palestinians govern a select few cities

Rwandan Genocide (1994)

During a civil war, the majority Hutus massacred approximately 800,000 of the minority Tutsi people in this small central African country. Canadian General Roméo Dallaire was the commander of a small UN peacekeeper force. His calls for a larger force were ignored and this tragedy took place. This lack of action is considered to be one of the UN's greatest failures in peacekeeping.

Ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Balkan Crisis

The most complex foreign policy crisis of the Clinton years arose from the disintegration of Yugoslavia, a multi-ethnic state in southeastern Europe. Within a few years, the country's six provinces dissolved into five new states. Ethnic conflict plagued several of these new nations.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world economy and result in making something (typically production, trade, shipping) worldwide in scope.

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

A law that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.

Culture Wars

Political conflict in the United States between "red-state" Americans, who tend to have strong cultural, political, and religious beliefs, and "blue-state" Americans, who tend to be more secular and progressive.

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

1996, Declares that states are not obligated to recognize any same sex marriages that might not be legally sanctioned in other states, defined marriage and spouse in heterosexual terms for federal law

Bush v. Gore (2000)

The Supreme court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win the election.

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

The main international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandates cuts in carbon emissions. Almost all the world's major countries, except the United States, are participants.

Bush Doctrine

A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts America's right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad.

9/11

Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism.

War on Terrorism

initiated by george w. bush after the september 11, 2001, attacks to weed out terrorist operatives throughout the world, using diplomacy, military means, improved homeland security, stricter banking laws, and other means

War in Afghanistan, 2001

After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, NATO forces led by the United States entered Afghanistan to dismantle al-Qaeda and eliminate its safe haven by removing the Taliban from power

War in Iraq (2003)

After the Persian Gulf War, hostilities continued between the U.S. and Iraq. Combined forces from the U.S., Britain, Australia, and Spain attacked Iraq in March 2003. The conflict was declared over in May with the removal of Saddam Hussein, though a military force composed largely of U.S. troops remained to assist the nation with rebuilding and the formation of a new, democratic government.