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Beehive hut
Also known as Clochan, these are huts in the shape of beehives used as dwelling; dry stone hut with corbelled roof
Shieling
Also known as sheeling/shealing, these are huts built in remote areas in Scotland and Northern England where shepherds stay while pasturing animals
Lake dwellings
These are huts raised on piles in the lakeshore areas of Switzerland, Germany, and Ireland
Tent
These are made of hide or dried organic materials
Lean-to
Upright pole/s supporting a plane of dried organic materials
Menhir
Single upright stone; a monolith
Megalith
A giant menhir or monolith in prehistoric society
Cromlech
A term for stone circle in Brittany, France
Dolmen
From daul and men that literally means “stone table”, it is a single chamber megalithic tomb or site for cult worship; consists of one flat stone supported by two upright stones
Tumulus
Prehistoric mound used as a grave site
Stone ship
Stone Age burial site in the shape of a ship
Carin
A man-made pile or stack of stones; erected as a a landmark or memorial
Corbelling
This is a technique where stones are placed one on top of the other with the one on top partly placed on the lower one and further out
Stonehenge
Best known stone circle in Wiltshire, England
Cahokia mounds
Pre-Columbian native American settlement located directly across the Mississippi River comprised of 120 man-made earth mounds
Wattle and daub
A technique where twigs, branches, or wooden sticks woven together and daubed/covered with mud/clay/earth
Earth lodges
These are semi-subterranean dwellings created by a framework of sticks/posts, covered with thatch and layered with earth
Wigwam
Native American domed dwelling made up of organic materials
Teepee/Tipi
Portable conical tent made of skins (usually buffalo), cloth, or canvas on a frame of poles, used by North American Indians, with a flap at the top that allowed smoke to go out and flap at the bottom to serve as a doorway
Central America
The Olmec, Mayan, Toltec, and Aztec cultures flourished in ____
Temple pyramids
Common among the Olmec, Mayan, Toltec and Aztec cultures was the development of ________
Pyramid of the Sun
Made up of adobe (puddled mud/sun-dried earth) and surfaced with pumice stone, and coated with thick concrete-like stucco
Ciudadela Teotihuacan
The largest pre-colonial temple in North and South America
Pitz
A game played by the Mayans that used a rubber ball which they need to shoot in hoops attached to the sides of the ball court.
Chichen Itza
One of the largest Mayan cities located in the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico, and declared a World Heritage Site
Temple of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (Venus) Tula
A definitive Toltec temple with terraces depicted with jaguars, coyotes, eagles eating human hearts, and the planet Venus
Telamon
Term for male columns found in the Temple of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli
Templo Mayor
One temple in Tenochtitlan dedicated to the god of rain Tlaloc (north) and the god of war Huitzilopochtli (south)
Quetzalcoatl
The feathered serpent god in Aztec culture
Yacata
Located in the capital Tzintzuntzan of the Tarascan empire, it is a circular stepped pyramid shaped like keyholes
Huacas
The ancient Moche civilization created great religious complexes called _______
Cerro Blanco
Ancient Moche city
Chan Chan
City capital of the ancient Kingdom of Chimor
Machu Picchu
A late Inca period town also known as the Lost City of the Incas
Mesopotamia
The land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, now occupies parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Iran
Cuneiform
Considered as the earliest form of writing in Sumer
Ziggurat of Ur
Temple pyramid built in Mesopotamia characterized by receding platforms with terraces
Babylon
One of the most important cities in Mesopotamia, it was a fortified city with defense walls and many gates
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Landscaped terraces with its own system of irrigation, a gift of Kinch Nebuchadnezzar to his wife Queen Amyitis
Tower of Nimrod
A seven-staged pyramid built by its namesake, dedicated to the seven heavenly planets in Bablyon
Ishtar Gate
The eighth gate to the city of Babylon dedicated to its namesake goddess and made up of glazed bricks
Lamassu
An Akkadian mythical deity with the head of a human, body of a bull/lion, and wings of a bird
Shedu
A male lamassu
Persepolis
Capital of the Achaemenid empire where Cyrus the Great chose the site of the city, while Darius I built the terraces and the Hall of the Hundred Columns
Hypostyle hall
Space characterized by columns supporting the ceiling
Mastaba
Means “house of eternity”, it is a rectangular tomb with sloping sides and a flat roof, and a precursor or antecedent of the pyramid as a burial site in ancient Egypt
Serdab
Underground room in a mastaba where the KA Stature of the deceased is placed
KA
Means spirit or life-force in Ancient Egyptian culture
Pyramid
Royal tomb in the shape of a square-planned geometric pyramid intended for pharaohs and their consorts
Saqqara
Ancient necropolis with many tombs and structures used for cult and funeral rites since the First Dynasty in Egyptian history
Imhotep
Architect of the Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara
Menkaure, Khufu, Khafre
The three pyramids of Giza
Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut
A rock-cut funerary temple dedicated to Amun and Queen Hatsheput during the New Kingdom Period
Pylon
Monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple
Papyrus
Plant used for making paper in Egypt
Obelisk
Originally called as tekhenu, it is an upright pillar with a pyramidal top that serves as a commemoration of an event, person, or memorial
Trabeated construction
A technique in Ancient Egyptian architecture where posts support a lintel or flat slab on top
Senusret I
Built the obelisk in a temple to the sun god at Heliopolis
Ceneferu
Before the true pyramid
came there was the Bent
Pyramid of
Temple of Amun in Karnak
Most imposing temple complex in Egypt founded by Amenemhat I
Ramses I
This pharaoh began the Great Hypostyle Hall in Karnak
Colossi of Memnon
Amenhotep III built this in Luxor, Egypt
Ramses II
[ANALOGY]
Great Temple of Abydos : Seti I
Rock-cut temples of Abu-Simbel : __________
Ptolemy II
[ANALOGY]
Lighthouse of Alexandria : _________
Great Serapeum : Ptolemy III
King Minos
His legendary palace was supposedly the home of the minotaur who lived in its labyrinthine passages
Megaron
Large hall, usually the largest room in ancient Mycenaean and Greek architecture
Portico
A porch usually with columns and a roof structure above in ancient Mycenaean and Greek architecture
The Lion Gate
Located at the citadel of Mycenae, it is significant for being the first to use an ornamentally carved stone slab atop a post and lintel construction
Citadel
A defensive core or fortified area of a city usually located on high ground
Tholos
A circular tomb, example being the treasury of Atreus/the tomb of King Agamemnon
Cyclopean masonry construction
A technique in Ancient Mycenaean architecture where big stone boulders or pieces are placed one on top of the other without mortar
Ashlar masonry
Masonry work using dressed or cut stones; finely-cut stones with right-angled sides
Doric
The oldest and simplest of the Classical Orders of architecture
Entablature
This is composed of the cornice, frieze, and architrave in the Doric order
Stylobate
The columns in a Greek temple rest on a series of steps known as ______
Ionic
The most elegant and refine of the orders, with the column having a base and its capital made up of volutes
Canephora
A caryatid with a basket on her head
Atlas
A column in the shape of a male figure
Temple of Nike Apteros
Built by the architect Callicrates, it is the smallest among the Greek group buildings in the Acropolis
Corinthian
The most elaborate of the three orders, with capitals full of leafy flowers and sometimes volutes
Greek Fret
Also known as key moulding, it is an ornament consisting of continuous lines arranged in rectangular form that were inspired by honeysuckle leaves
Colonnade
Term referring to a series of columns in Greek temple layouts
Stylos
Term referring to columns in ancient times because of its needle-like form
Peripteral
A colonnade going around the temple perimeter
Pseudoperipteral
A colonnade going around the temple perimeter, but those at the longitudinal sides are attached to the temple walls (pilasters)
Prostyle
Colonnade located only in front of the temple
Amphiprostyle
Colonnade located only in front and back of the temple
Octastyle
[ANALOGY]
__________ : 8 columns at the temple front
Enneastyle : 9 columns at the temple front
Decastyle : 10 columns at the temple front
Octastyle pseudoperipteral
Temple with eight columns in front and columns at the longitudinal sides attached to the cella walls
Tholos
Circular classical temple
Intercolumnations
Distance between columns in a classical temple
Acropolis
A citadel dedicated to the goddess Athena, the patroness of Athens, Greece
Propylaea
A Greek monumental gateway to a sacred enclosure
Bouleuterion
Greek council house
Gymnasium
A Greek large open court for exercise, surrounded by colonnades and rooms for massage, lectures, etc.
Palaestra
A Greek wrestling room, or small area for exercise or training of athletes
Theater
A Greek building to stage dramatic performances with seating for spectators
Skene
Refers to the building behind the performance area in a Greek theater
Skenotheke
Refers to the storeroom in the skene of a Greek theater
Proskenion
Refers to the building before the skene, and later the front of the stage of a Greek theater