ARCC HOA REVIEWER PART 1

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Scope: Ma'am E's Lecture video day 1

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163 Terms

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Beehive hut

Also known as Clochan, these are huts in the shape of beehives used as dwelling; dry stone hut with corbelled roof

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Shieling

Also known as sheeling/shealing, these are huts built in remote areas in Scotland and Northern England where shepherds stay while pasturing animals

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Lake dwellings

These are huts raised on piles in the lakeshore areas of Switzerland, Germany, and Ireland

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Tent

These are made of hide or dried organic materials

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Lean-to

Upright pole/s supporting a plane of dried organic materials

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Menhir

Single upright stone; a monolith

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Megalith

A giant menhir or monolith in prehistoric society

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Cromlech

A term for stone circle in Brittany, France

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Dolmen

From daul and men that literally means “stone table”, it is a single chamber megalithic tomb or site for cult worship; consists of one flat stone supported by two upright stones

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Tumulus

Prehistoric mound used as a grave site

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Stone ship

Stone Age burial site in the shape of a ship

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Carin

A man-made pile or stack of stones; erected as a a landmark or memorial

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Corbelling

This is a technique where stones are placed one on top of the other with the one on top partly placed on the lower one and further out

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Stonehenge

Best known stone circle in Wiltshire, England

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Cahokia mounds

Pre-Columbian native American settlement located directly across the Mississippi River comprised of 120 man-made earth mounds

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Wattle and daub

A technique where twigs, branches, or wooden sticks woven together and daubed/covered with mud/clay/earth

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Earth lodges

These are semi-subterranean dwellings created by a framework of sticks/posts, covered with thatch and layered with earth

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Wigwam

Native American domed dwelling made up of organic materials

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Teepee/Tipi

Portable conical tent made of skins (usually buffalo), cloth, or canvas on a frame of poles, used by North American Indians, with a flap at the top that allowed smoke to go out and flap at the bottom to serve as a doorway

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Central America

The Olmec, Mayan, Toltec, and Aztec cultures flourished in ____

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Temple pyramids

Common among the Olmec, Mayan, Toltec and Aztec cultures was the development of ________

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Pyramid of the Sun

Made up of adobe (puddled mud/sun-dried earth) and surfaced with pumice stone, and coated with thick concrete-like stucco

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Ciudadela Teotihuacan

The largest pre-colonial temple in North and South America

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Pitz

A game played by the Mayans that used a rubber ball which they need to shoot in hoops attached to the sides of the ball court.

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Chichen Itza

One of the largest Mayan cities located in the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico, and declared a World Heritage Site

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Temple of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (Venus) Tula

A definitive Toltec temple with terraces depicted with jaguars, coyotes, eagles eating human hearts, and the planet Venus

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Telamon

Term for male columns found in the Temple of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli

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Templo Mayor

One temple in Tenochtitlan dedicated to the god of rain Tlaloc (north) and the god of war Huitzilopochtli (south)

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Quetzalcoatl

The feathered serpent god in Aztec culture

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Yacata

Located in the capital Tzintzuntzan of the Tarascan empire, it is a circular stepped pyramid shaped like keyholes

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Huacas

The ancient Moche civilization created great religious complexes called _______

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Cerro Blanco

Ancient Moche city

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Chan Chan

City capital of the ancient Kingdom of Chimor

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Machu Picchu

A late Inca period town also known as the Lost City of the Incas

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Mesopotamia

The land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, now occupies parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Iran

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Cuneiform

Considered as the earliest form of writing in Sumer

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Ziggurat of Ur

Temple pyramid built in Mesopotamia characterized by receding platforms with terraces

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Babylon

One of the most important cities in Mesopotamia, it was a fortified city with defense walls and many gates

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Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Landscaped terraces with its own system of irrigation, a gift of Kinch Nebuchadnezzar to his wife Queen Amyitis

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Tower of Nimrod

A seven-staged pyramid built by its namesake, dedicated to the seven heavenly planets in Bablyon

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Ishtar Gate

The eighth gate to the city of Babylon dedicated to its namesake goddess and made up of glazed bricks

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Lamassu

An Akkadian mythical deity with the head of a human, body of a bull/lion, and wings of a bird

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Shedu

A male lamassu

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Persepolis

Capital of the Achaemenid empire where Cyrus the Great chose the site of the city, while Darius I built the terraces and the Hall of the Hundred Columns

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Hypostyle hall

Space characterized by columns supporting the ceiling

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Mastaba

Means “house of eternity”, it is a rectangular tomb with sloping sides and a flat roof, and a precursor or antecedent of the pyramid as a burial site in ancient Egypt

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Serdab

Underground room in a mastaba where the KA Stature of the deceased is placed

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KA

Means spirit or life-force in Ancient Egyptian culture

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Pyramid

Royal tomb in the shape of a square-planned geometric pyramid intended for pharaohs and their consorts

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Saqqara

Ancient necropolis with many tombs and structures used for cult and funeral rites since the First Dynasty in Egyptian history

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Imhotep

Architect of the Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara

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Menkaure, Khufu, Khafre

The three pyramids of Giza

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Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut

A rock-cut funerary temple dedicated to Amun and Queen Hatsheput during the New Kingdom Period

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Pylon

Monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple

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Papyrus

Plant used for making paper in Egypt

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Obelisk

Originally called as tekhenu, it is an upright pillar with a pyramidal top that serves as a commemoration of an event, person, or memorial

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Trabeated construction

A technique in Ancient Egyptian architecture where posts support a lintel or flat slab on top

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Senusret I

Built the obelisk in a temple to the sun god at Heliopolis

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Ceneferu

Before the true pyramid
came there was the Bent
Pyramid of

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Temple of Amun in Karnak

Most imposing temple complex in Egypt founded by Amenemhat I

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Ramses I

This pharaoh began the Great Hypostyle Hall in Karnak

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Colossi of Memnon

Amenhotep III built this in Luxor, Egypt

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Ramses II

[ANALOGY]

Great Temple of Abydos : Seti I

Rock-cut temples of Abu-Simbel : __________

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Ptolemy II

[ANALOGY]

Lighthouse of Alexandria : _________

Great Serapeum : Ptolemy III

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King Minos

His legendary palace was supposedly the home of the minotaur who lived in its labyrinthine passages

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Megaron

Large hall, usually the largest room in ancient Mycenaean and Greek architecture

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Portico

A porch usually with columns and a roof structure above in ancient Mycenaean and Greek architecture

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The Lion Gate

Located at the citadel of Mycenae, it is significant for being the first to use an ornamentally carved stone slab atop a post and lintel construction

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Citadel

A defensive core or fortified area of a city usually located on high ground

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Tholos

A circular tomb, example being the treasury of Atreus/the tomb of King Agamemnon

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Cyclopean masonry construction

A technique in Ancient Mycenaean architecture where big stone boulders or pieces are placed one on top of the other without mortar

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Ashlar masonry

Masonry work using dressed or cut stones; finely-cut stones with right-angled sides

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Doric

The oldest and simplest of the Classical Orders of architecture

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Entablature

This is composed of the cornice, frieze, and architrave in the Doric order

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Stylobate

The columns in a Greek temple rest on a series of steps known as ______

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Ionic

The most elegant and refine of the orders, with the column having a base and its capital made up of volutes

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Canephora

A caryatid with a basket on her head

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Atlas

A column in the shape of a male figure

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Temple of Nike Apteros

Built by the architect Callicrates, it is the smallest among the Greek group buildings in the Acropolis

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Corinthian

The most elaborate of the three orders, with capitals full of leafy flowers and sometimes volutes

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Greek Fret

Also known as key moulding, it is an ornament consisting of continuous lines arranged in rectangular form that were inspired by honeysuckle leaves

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Colonnade

Term referring to a series of columns in Greek temple layouts

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Stylos

Term referring to columns in ancient times because of its needle-like form

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<p>Peripteral</p>

Peripteral

A colonnade going around the temple perimeter

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<p>Pseudoperipteral</p>

Pseudoperipteral

A colonnade going around the temple perimeter, but those at the longitudinal sides are attached to the temple walls (pilasters)

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<p>Prostyle</p>

Prostyle

Colonnade located only in front of the temple

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<p>Amphiprostyle</p>

Amphiprostyle

Colonnade located only in front and back of the temple

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Octastyle

[ANALOGY]

__________ : 8 columns at the temple front

Enneastyle : 9 columns at the temple front

Decastyle : 10 columns at the temple front

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Octastyle pseudoperipteral

Temple with eight columns in front and columns at the longitudinal sides attached to the cella walls

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Tholos

Circular classical temple

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Intercolumnations

Distance between columns in a classical temple

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Acropolis

A citadel dedicated to the goddess Athena, the patroness of Athens, Greece

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Propylaea

A Greek monumental gateway to a sacred enclosure

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Bouleuterion

Greek council house

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Gymnasium

A Greek large open court for exercise, surrounded by colonnades and rooms for massage, lectures, etc.

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Palaestra

A Greek wrestling room, or small area for exercise or training of athletes

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Theater

A Greek building to stage dramatic performances with seating for spectators

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Skene

Refers to the building behind the performance area in a Greek theater

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Skenotheke

Refers to the storeroom in the skene of a Greek theater

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Proskenion

Refers to the building before the skene, and later the front of the stage of a Greek theater