ap review

coronal/frontal

divides the body perpendicular

sagittal

_____: a vertical plane passing through the standing body from front to back.

tranverse/horizontal

_____: plane that divides the body from the upper and lower half

superior

_____: toward the head of the body

posterior dorsal

_____: the back of a structure

inferior

_____: towards the bottom or away from the head-end of the body

anterior ventral

_____: the front or direction toward the front of the body

medial

_____: towards the middle of the body

lateral

_____: to the side of, or away from, the middle of the body

proximal

_____: nearer to the center of the body or point of attachment

distal

_____: sites located away from a specific area, most often from the center of the body

supine

_____: used to describe a person laying on their back

superficial

_____: deep inside the body

prone

_____: used to describe a person laying down

adduction

_____: when you move a limb/body part towards the center of the body

abduction

_____: moving a limb/body part away from the center of the body

elevation

_____: moving upward

depression

_____: moving downward

supra, super, hyper

above or more

infra, sub, hypo

below or less

What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body?

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

stratified squamous epithelium

vocal folds

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

vocal tract

simple epothelium

_____: ciliated epithelium: with cilia (lashes) on top, lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

compound epithelium

______: stratified epithelium: layers of cells on top of one another, lining of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus

basement membrane (baseplate)

______: made up of collagen: thing but strong, serves as a point of attachment for columnar or squamous cells, underlies epithelium and provides support (especially in vocal folds)

adipose

_____: cells with fat globules

white fibrous

_____: strong, closely packed, flexible: ligaments binding bones; periosteum over bone; covering og organs; fascia over muscle

yellow elastic

_____: elastic: in areas requiring recoil, such as cartilage of trachea, larynx, bronchi

cartilage

_____: firm and flexible

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

What are three kinds of cartilage?

hyaline

_____: makes up the larynx, clearer looking substance

fibrocartilage

_____: makes up the vertebral discs, densely layered collagen fibers and more flattened and organized cell rows

elastic cartilage

_____: makes up the epiglottis and eustachian tubes, is visible elastics fibers in the matrix

fascia

_____: a sheet or band of connective tissue that forms a membrane that supports many structures in the body

ligaments

_____: very dense connective tissue that connects more rigid structures.

(cartilage to bone- all over the larynx)

tendons

_____: flexible connective tissue that provides muscle-to-bone, muscle-to-cartilage, or muscle-to-muscle connection

(think tender).

skeletal muscles

_____: voluntary muscle, striated muscle, somatic muscles.

• muscle associated with conscious movement

• vocal folds, abdominal muscle, etc

smooth muscles

_____: visceral muscles

• muscles associated with involuntary function

• glands, organs of digestion, etc.

origin

_____: the least mobile point of attachment, usually proximal

insertion

_____: the point of attachment that moves as a result of contraction, usually distal

agonists

_____: muscles that move contract for a specific movement

antagonists

_____: muscles that contract in opposition to a movement *stretch weakness*

fixators

_____: muscles that stabilize structures during movement

synergist

_____: muscles that assist the agonist in the movement

innervation

_____: the cranial or spinal nerve that connects to and controls the muscle