Skeletal System: Bone Classification, Bone Growth and Remodeling

Flat bones are always __________ and __________.

thin and flat

The inside of flat bones is completely filled with __________ bone.

spongy

Cranial bones, sternum, ribs, and clavicle are examples of __________ bones.

flat

Irregular bones have a __________ variety of shapes and surfaces.

variety of shapes

The spaces of spongy bone in irregular bones are filled with __________.

red bone marrow

Vertebrae and os coxal bones are examples of __________ bones.

irregular

Short bones are roughly __________-shaped bones.

cube

Carpal bones and Tarsal bones are examples of __________ bones.

short

Sesamoid bones are short bones that develop in __________.

tendons

The only example of a sesamoid bone that everyone will have is __________.

the patella

Sutural bones develop in joints between cranial bones called __________.

sutures

Long bones are roughly __________ in shape.

rectangular

The __________ is the wide tip of long bones.

epiphysis

The __________ has a thick outer layer of compact bone and a hollow center called the medullary cavity.

diaphysis

The __________ contains hyaline cartilage and is called the epiphyseal plate in young individuals.

metaphysis

Osteogenesis is also known as __________ tissue formation.

bone

Intramembranous ossification is the production of bone from embryonic connective tissue called __________.

mesenchyme

Examples of bones formed by intramembranous ossification include most __________ bones and the clavicle.

cranial

Blood vessels grow into mesenchyme converting cells into __________.

osteoblasts

The edges of newly formed spongy bone are remodeled into __________ bone.

compact

Endochondral ossification is the production of __________ from a hyaline cartilage model.

bone

All bones from the neck down (except ________) are made using endochondral ossification.

clavicles

The first step in endochondral ossification is the formation of a __________ cartilage model.

hyaline

During osteogenesis, the diaphysis converts remaining cartilage to __________ bone.

spongy

The metaphysis becomes the __________ plate in the epiphyseal area.

epiphyseal

Bone remodeling uses units called __________ and __________.

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Most bone production occurs in the __________.

periosteum

Bone resorption occurs primarily in the __________.

endosteum

If osteoblasts work faster than osteoclasts, bone becomes __________.

thicker

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) are examples of __________ that regulate bone remodeling.

hormones

Physical stress on a specific area of bone stimulates __________.

osteoblasts

The __________ of the long bone is covered by articular cartilage.

epiphysis

The tips of the __________ are covered by articular cartilages.

epiphyses

The __________ cavity is filled with yellow bone marrow.

medullary

A __________ is the small region between the diaphysis and epiphyses.

metaphysis

The conversion of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate to bone is called __________ ossification.

endochondral

The __________ is the region of the long bone where growth occurs.

epiphyseal plate

The two types of osteogenesis are intramembranous ossification and __________ ossification.

endochondral

The __________ are the clusters of mesenchymal cells that become bone-forming cells.

osteoblasts

The growth of spongy bone occurs when spicules __________ and form trabeculae.

grow into one another

All long bones grow in __________ from the epiphyseal plate.

length

In young adulthood, the epiphyseal __________ replaces the epiphyseal plate.

line

Bone remodeling balances the actions of osteoblasts and __________.

osteoclasts

If osteoclasts work faster than osteoblasts, it leads to __________ of bone.

thinning

All long bones have a __________ structure made of compact and spongy bone.

detailed

Hyaline cartilage continues to be present at the tips of the __________ as articular cartilage.

epiphyses

The formation of spongy bone tissue occurs within the __________ of a long bone.

diaphysis

As an individual ages, the __________ of the metaphysis changes.

composition

Spongy bone construction results from the fusion of __________.

spicules

Growth in bone length occurs primarily before __________ adulthood.

young

The epiphyseal plate is responsible for the __________ of long bones.

lengthening

Blood vessels surrounding the diaphysis assist in converting perichondrium to __________.

periosteum

Mesenchymal cells cluster into osteoblasts during __________ ossification.

intramembranous

The medullary cavity is composed of __________ marrow.

yellow

Sutural bones can vary from person to person and are therefore not universally __________.

present

Bone remodeling is influenced by __________ stress and hormonal changes.

physical

In epiphyseal growth, the growth plate eventually becomes a line of __________.

bone

Compact bone develops from remodeling of spongy bone around the __________.

edges

The __________ is the layer of bone surrounding the diaphysis during endochondral ossification.

bone collar